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RAD 160 Skull
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones make up the cranium? | 8 |
| The cranial bones are ridgedly jointed together by articulations called? | sutures |
| Which skull suture is found between the frontal and parietal bones? | coronal |
| The zygomatic arches are part of which cranial bone? | temporal |
| Which bone in the skull contains the auditory organs and organs of hearing? | temporal |
| The largest and most dense bone in the face is? | mandible |
| Which skull type is narrow from side to side? | dolichocephalic |
| Which is located in the middle ear? cochlea, bony labyrinth, tympanic membrane, EAM | tympanic membrane |
| Which is located in the internal ear? concha, auditory tube, tympanic membrane, semicircular canals | semicircular canals |
| Which should be superimposed on a lateral skull projection? 1) orbital roofs 2) EAM 3) TMJs | 1,2 & 3 |
| Which method of examining the skull demonstrates petrous ridges in the orbits, ethmoid and frontal sinuses, and crista galli? | Caldwell |
| What line is perpendicular to the plane of the IR for Caldwell projection of skull? | OML |
| If a patient cannot be prone for PA axial (Caldwell) of skull, what CR angle could be used for the AP projection? | 15 cephalad |
| What line is perpendicular to the IR for the AP axial (Towne) projection? | OML or IOML |
| If the IOML is perpendicular to the IR for AP axial (Towne), how much should the CR be angled? | 37 degrees |
| What is demonstrated within foramen magnum during AP axial (Towne)? | dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes |
| What is the CR angulation for demonstration of entire foramen magnum during AP axial (Towne)? | 40-60 caudad |
| Which methods will clearly demonstrate petrous ridges, foramen magnum, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinoid processes? 1) Haas 2) Towne 3) Schuller | 1 & 2 |
| What is the average CR angle for PA axial (Haas) of the skull? | 25 cephalad |
| Which line should be parallel to the IR for the SMV? | IOML |
| In what projection are mastoid processes, sphenoid sinuses and carotid canals clearly demonstrated? | SMV |
| What bones make up the calvarium? | frontal, 2 parietals, occipital |
| The 6 areas of incomplete ossification in a newborn skull are called? | fontanels |
| The opening into the apex of the orbit for transmission of optic nerve and opthalmic artery is? | optic canal |
| Which foramen lie in the sphenoid bone? 1) optic foramen 2) jugular foramen 3) foramina rotundum | 1 & 3 |
| What are the names of the 2 large openings at the base of the anterior occipital bone for blood vessels and nerves? | jugular foramen |
| Which facial bone contains a foramen through which the tear duct passes? | lacrimal bone |
| Which 2 bones form the roof of the mouth? | maxillae and palatine |
| Which parts of the patient's face touch the IR for the PA axial (Caldwell)? | forehead and nose |
| What type of joint is the TMJ? | synovial - hinge & gliding |
| Which cranial bone contains the sella turcica? | sphenoid |
| For the lateral projection of facial bones, the CR will enter where? | halfway between outer canthus and EAM |
| What is another name for the parietoacanthial projection of facial bones? | Waters view |
| For the Waters view, the OML should be placed at what angle to the IR? | 37 |
| The parietoacanthial projection of facial bones is often modified so there is less angulation of the facial bones. For this modification, the OML is adjusted to what degree? | 55 |
| What positioning line is perpendicular to the IR for the acantioparietal (reverse Waters) of facial bones? | MML |
| Which is true regarding the lateral projection of nasal bones? 1) occlusal IR may be used 2) both sides are done for comparison 3) the IPL is perpendicular to the tabletop | 1,2 & 3 |
| On which projections will both zygomatic arches be demonstrated? 1) tangential 2) SMV 3) AP axial | 2 & 3 |
| For the tangential projection of zygomatic arches, the head is positioned so MSP is? | 15 degrees toward side being examined |
| For the tangential projection of zygomatic arches, the top of the head is tilted how? | 15 degrees away from side being examined |
| For the tangential projection of the zygomatic arches, the CR is perpendicular to what line? | IOML |
| What is the CR angulation for AP axial of zygomatic arches? | 30 degrees caudad |
| What is centered to the IR for PA projection of mandibular rami? | tip of nose |
| What is the CR angulation for axiolateral oblique of mandible? | 25 cephalad |
| What is the CR angulation for axiolateral oblique of TMJs? | 15 caudad |
| At what level is the CR for the tangential zygomatic arches? | 1" posterior to outer canthus |
| Which projections demonstrate ethmoidal sinuses? | lateral, SMV, PA axial (Caldwell) |
| Which sinuses are developed at birth and visible radiographically? | maxillary |
| Where are the petrous ridges on a parietoacanthial (Waters) radiograph? | inferior to the floor of the maxillary sinuses |
| The largest sinus the? | maxillary |
| Which sinus is directly below the sella turcica? | sphenoidal |
| Which sinus group is between the vertical plates of the frontal bone? | frontal |
| Which sinus group is within the lateral masses of labyrinths? | ethmoidal |
| When performing sinus x-rays the patient must be upright to _____. | demonstrate air/fluid levels |
| For lateral paranasal sinuses, where is the CR directed? | 1" posterior to outer canthus |
| Which projection best demonstrates frontal sinuses? | PA axial (Caldwell) |
| Which sinus group is projected through the open mouth in the open mouth Waters method? | sphenoidal |
| For the open-mouth Waters method, the CR should exit where? | acanthion or open mouth |
| Which sinus is immediately below the sella turcica? | sphenoidal |
| What should be clearly demonstrated on lateral projection of paranasal sinuses? 1) all 4 sinus groups 2) superimposed orbital roofs 3) superimposed mandibular rami | 1,2 & 3 |
| Which projections best demonstrate frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses? 1) PA 2) Waters 3) Caldwell | 3 |
| What is projected below the maxillary sinuses for the Waters method? | petrous ridges |
| The Waters method of the sinuses requires OML is placed how many degrees from the plane of the IR? | 37 |
| What projection best demonstrates the maxillary sinuses? | Waters view |
| To demonstrate ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses in SMV, which must occur? 1) patient is recumbent 2) IOML parallel to IR 3) CR perpendicular to IOML and horizontal | 2 & 3 |
| At which level should the CR enter the base of the skull for SMV of sinuses? | 3/4" anterior to EAM |
| Which projections demonstrate ethmoidal sinuses? 1) Lateral 2) Caldwell 3) SMV | 1,2 & 3 |
| The respiration phase for all facial bone and sinus projections? | suspended |
| Where is the IR centered for Waters projection of sinuses? | acanthion |
| How is the CR directed for the Caldwell projection of sinuses? | 15 degrees caudad |
| What line is horizontal during lateral projection of sinuses? | IOML |
| Which foramina are demonstrated in the orbit on a Waters image? | rotundum |
| What are positioning lines in reference to IR for Lateral skull? | IPL perpendicular, IOML parallel to transverse axis |
| Where is CR directed for Lateral skull? | 2" above EAM |
| Where is IR centered for PA skull? | nasion |
| What is positioning line in reference to IR for PA skull? | OML perpendicular |
| How and where is CR directed for PA axial (Caldwell) skull? | 15 caudad, exiting nasion |
| Where should the CR enter for SMV skull? | on MSP of throat between angles of mandible, passing 3/4" anterior to EAM |
| Which foramina are best demonstrated in SMV skull? | ovale and spinosum |
| How and where should CR be directed for lateral facial bones? | perpendicular to lateral surface of zygoma, entering between outer canthus & EAM |
| What are the positioning lines in reference to the IR for Parietoaanthial facial bones? | OML 37 degrees from plane of IR, MML perpendicular |
| How should CR be directed for PA Axial (Caldwell) for orbital rims? | 30 degrees caudad |
| How and where is the CR directed for lateral nasal bones? | perpendicular to the bridge of the nose, 1/2" distal to nasion |
| How and where is CR directed for SMV zygomatic arches? | perpendicular to IOML on MSP of throat 1" posterior to outer canthus |
| For AP axial (modified Towne) of zygomatic arches, where is the CR directed? | at glabella (1" above nasion) |
| For PA mandibular rami, how and where is CR directed? | perpendicular, exiting acanthion |
| What positioning line is perpendicular to the IR for PA mandibular rami? | OML |
| How and where is CR directed for PA axial mandibular rami? | 20-25 cephalad, exiting acanthion |
| How should the head be position for the Axiolateral mandible if no area of interest is specified? | rotated 30 degrees toward the IR |
| How should the head be positioned for Axiolateral mandible to show the rami? Body? Symphysis? | true lateral, rotated 30 degrees toward IR, rotated 45 degrees toward IR |
| How should the CR be directed for the axiolateral mandible? | 25 degrees cephalad through the area of interest |
| What positioning line is used for AP axial TMJs? | OML perpendicular to IR |
| How and where is CR directed for AP axial TMJs? | 35 degrees caudad, 3" above nasion |
| Where is the IR centered for Axiolateral oblique TMJs? | 1/2" anterior to EAM |
| For Axiolateral oblique TMJs, how should MSP of head be positioned? | rotated 15 degrees toward the IR |
| What are the positioning lines in reference to the IR for Axiolateral oblique TMJs? | IPL perpendicular, AML parallel with transverse axis |
| How and where is CR directed for Axiolateral oblique TMJs? | 15 degrees cephalad, 1.5" above EAM, exiting TMJ closest to IR |
| Which sinus groups are demonstrated in Lateral sinus projections? | all 4, particularly sphenoidal |
| Which sinus groups are demonstrated in the PA axial (Caldwell)? | frontal and anterior ethmoidal |
| What are the smallest skull bones? | lacrimal |
| What are the largest immovable facial bones? | maxillae |
| Which bone contains the infraorbital foramen? | maxilla |
| Which facial bones are not paired? | vomer & mandible |
| Which bone forms the inferior nasal septum? | vomer |
| What is the overall largest and densest facial bone? | mandible |
| How many cranial and facial bones make up the orbits? | 3 cranial, 4 facial |
| Which bones make up the floor of the cranium? | ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 temporal |
| What suture is between the temporal and parietal bones? | squamosal |
| What suture is between the occipital and parietal bones? | lambdoidal |
| What angle are the petrous pyramids in a mesocephalic skull? Brachycephalic? Dolichocephalic? | 47 degrees from MSP, 54 degrees, 40 degrees |
| Which bone contains the supraorbital foramina? | frontal |
| Which bone contains the cribriform plate? | ethmoid |
| What bone contains the superior and middle nasal conchae? | ethmoid |
| Which bone contains the crista galli? | ethmoid |
| Which bone has two lateral masses called labyrinths? What is in them? | ethmoid; ethmoidal air cells/sinuses |
| What bony prominences are used to measure the skull width in order to set a proper technique? | parietal eminences |
| Which bone contains the pterygoid processes? | sphenoid |
| What are the anterior and posterior border of the sella turcica? | tuberculum sellae & dorsum sellae |
| Where are the posterior clinoid processes? | on the sphenoid bone at the top corners of the dorsum sellae |
| What are the 3 paired foramina on the greater wings of the sphenoid bone from lateral to medial? | foramina spinosum, ovale, rotundum |
| What is another name for the internal and external occipital protuberance? | inion |
| What passes through the foramen magnum? | medulla oblongata |
| Which bone has a styloid process? | temporal |
| Which bone contains the petromastoid portion? | temporal |
| What do the articular tubercle and mandibular fossa form? | TMJ |
| What are the 3 auditory ossicles? | malleus, incus, stapes |
Created by:
SCash21
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