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Physics U3 & HW

Question	Answer
Anything that occupies space and has inertia(mass)	Matter
Smallest subdivision of substance having the physical properties of the substance	Molecule
what determines the state a molecule is in and what are the types of states?	the degree of attraction; solid, liquid, or gas
Has the strongest molecule attraction	Solid
Has the weakest molecule attraction	Liquid
which type of molecule attraction repels	the gas
Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristic properties of that element and can combine chemically with one or more atoms of another element	Atoms
What are the 4 atoms of the Greek	earth, fire, water and air
Who compared the atoms to hooks and eyes in 1808?	Dalton
Who compared the atom to plum pudding	Thompson
Who compared the atom to the solar system in 1913	Bohr
Any material that has definite constant composition	Substance
Elements, cannot be decomposed to simpler substances by ordinary means	Simple substance
These are compounds	Complex substance
A chemical union of two or more elements in definite proportions	Complex substance
Give an example of a substance	Salt also a complex substance
Give an example of simole substance	sodium and oxygen
This is the positive charged center of an atom that contains most of the atom's mass	Nucleus
The nucleus of an atom contains what percent of the mass?	99%
What was Bohr's Theory	The atom is represented as a miniature solar system analogous to the sun with the planets revolving around it
Negatively charged particles that circle the nucleus each in its own path or shell	Orbital electrons
How are electrons grouped	by their shells or energy levels
What is the binding energy of a shell that is close to the nucleus	The binding energy is strong but the energy shell is weak
What is the binding energy of a shell that is farther away from the nucleus	The binding energy is weak but the energy shell is strong
The periodic table is an arrangement of	all the electrons in an orderly series
Who developed the periodic table and how did he arrange the electrons	Medndleev; accroding to the lowest atomic number to the highest or how many electrons in the outer shell
How may groups are in the periodic table	8 vertical
Represents families of elements that have similar chemical properties	Groups
What is the exception in the periodic table	Hydrogen
Group 1 is	Alkali metals and has 1 electronin the outer shell
group 2	has 2 electrons in the outer shell
group 7 are	halagens
group 8 are	nobel gases(inhert elements)
The horizontal rows of the periodic table are based upon what and how many are there?	Based on the number of electron shells and there are 7
All of the elements in each row of the periodic table have the same number of what but different _________ properties.	Electron Shells; Chemical
ªᵣXⁿ Define each letter	a=mass #; r=Atomic #; X=Element; n=Valence #
the shell number is referred to as	The quantum number
The outer most shell does not what	have to contain the maximum number of electrons
No outer shell contains more than	8 electrons
All atoms seek to have 8 electrons in its outer shel, what is this	octet rule
What is the formula to calculate the maximum number the electrons a shell can hold	2n² (n=the energy shell)
how many electrons can the n shell hold	2(4)²= 16x 2= 32
A nucleus contains	Protons and neutrons
Positive charge,equal and opposite to an electron	Protons
How much heavier is a proton than an electron	1828 times heavier
Has a mass slightly greater than a proton	neutron
Why is a neutron slightly greater than a proton	because it is really a proton and an electron united
What are the building blocks of an atom	protons, neutrons, and electrons
Why must the number of protons be equal to the number of electrons	because an atom is always going to try to keep a neutral charge of 0
Is determined by the number of electrons in the outer shell of the atom	Valence #
What are the positive valence #'s	1 outer shell electron +1; 2 outer electrons +2; 3 outer electrons +3
What are the negative valence #'s	7 outer electrons -1; 6 outer electrons -2; 5 outer electrons -3
The number of (+) charges/protons in the nucleus of an atom	Atomic #
What is the symbol for the atomic #	z
the total number of protons and neutrons(nucleons) in the nuceus of a atom	Mass # or atomic #
Symbol for atomic # or mass #	A
Atoms that have the same number of nuclear protons(same atomic number) but different number of nucleur neutrons(different mass number)	Isotopes
What are the two types of chemical bonding	Covalent and Ionic
Sharing of the electrons to achieve the Octet Rule and has a weaker bond	Covalent bonding
Ionization must occur in an attenpt to achieve the octet rule and has a strong bond	Ionic bonding advanced
Give an example of a covalent bond	water two atoms of hydrogen(each with 1 electron in its outer shell) share their electrons with 1 atom of oxygen that has 6 electrons in its outer shell
Give an example of ionic bonding	NaCl Chlorine with 7 electrons in its outer shell steals the 1 electron in the sodiums outer shell which causes them to become oppositely charged. They are magnetically attracted to each other in bond
What are not involved in the ionization process	protons
The process of converting electrically neutral atoms to electrically charged atoms through the addition or removal of orbital electrons	Ionization
What charge does the ion have if the electron is removed	+
what charge does the ion have if the electron is added	-
Argon	Ar
Barium	Ba
Beryllium	Be
Calcuim	Ca
Cobalt	Co
Gold	Au
Helium	He
Hydrogen	H
Iodine	I
Iron	Fe
Lead	Pb
Oxygen	O
Radium	Ra
Radon	Rn
Silver	Ag
Soduim	Na
Sulfer	S
Tungsten	W
Uranium	U
Arsenic	As
Silicon	Si
Gallium	Ga
Six ways to bring about ionization	X-ray bombardment of matter/Electrons stream bombardment of matter/Spontaneous breakdown of radioactive nuclides/Light ray bombardment of certain elements/chemical ionization/Thermionic emission
Explain x-ray bombardment	Dislodging orbital electrons/ Photon interaction
Explain Electron stream bombardment	Dislodging orbital electons/ x-ray tibe
Explain spontaneous breakdown of radioactive nuclides	Decaying isotopes
Explain the light ray bombardment of certain elements	light causes electrons to be emitted from certain metals-cesium and potassium
Explain chemical ionization takes place	electrolysis/ NaCl with electrodes
Explain where thermoionic emission takes place	Filament of the x-ray tube
energy emitted and transferred through matter(irradiated)	radiation
removes electrons	ionizing radiation
What are the types of ionizing radiation	electromagnetic and particulate
Electromagnetic ionizing radiation has	no mass, no charge and a constant velocity of speed
Particulate ionizing radiation has	has mass, may or may not have a charge, velocity varies
x-rays and gamma rays are	x and Y electromagnetic ionizing radiation
Alpha and beta rays are	Particulate ionixing radiation (a) and (B)
What is the difference between the x-ray and the gamma ray	The point of origin
Where does x-rays come from	The shells of the atoms
Where does gamma radiation come from	The nucleus of an atom
High spped electrons	Beta particles
Generally negatively charged electrons(particulate radiation)	Beta negatrons
Postively charged electrons (particulate radiation)	Beta Positrons(they are small but penetrate deep)
Helium atom stripped of all its electrons	alpha particles (these are large but dont travel fast)
What make up alpha particles	2 protons and 2 neutrons (double ionized helium atom)
Process which results in the transmutation of one element to another	radioactivity (Uranium-Radium-Lead)
In the decay of radioisotopes the nuclues emitts	alpha, gamma, and beta radiation which cause transformation
This is the most commonly occuring emission	Beta emission
During beta emission what happens	A beta electron is emitted with a neutrino, a neutron converts to a proton, and this increase the atomic number by one while the mass number stays the same
When the z number increases what happens	the atom becomes an ion and must pull an electron to stabilize itself/ this changes the atom from one element to another
Beta(-1 charge)	high speed electron that was attached to a neutron
Alpha(+2 Charge)	two protons and two neutrons
Neutron(0 Charge)	A neutron
This type of beta emission only involves what	the negatively charged particles(beta negatrons)
Alpha emission is a	Violent process and is a Helium nuclues
When Alpha is emitted the mass number ______ and the atomic number______	is reduced by 4 / is reduced by 2
Some___ are pure beta emotters and some are pure Alpha emitters but most all emit Gamma	isotopes
Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers/ Atoms that have the same number of protons but different nuetrons	Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of nucleons(mass Number) but different numbers of nuetrons and protons/ Atoms with the same Mass number but different atomic number	isobars
Atoms with the same number of neutrons but different number of protons/ Different atomic numbers and different atomic mass numbers but constant value for A-Z	isotones
Same atomic number and same atomic mass number	isomers
isomers exist in different energy states because	of differences in the nucleon arrangement
The ability of some nuclides to undergo spontaneous breakdown emitting ionizing radiation	Radioactivity
When does radioactivity occur	naturally and artifically
What are the naturally radioactive elements	thorium/ uranium/ actinium
The period of time required for a quantity of radioactivity to decay to one half of its initial value	Half-Life
What is the formula for Half-Life	(T1/2)
Which of the following statements is true regarding our unterstanding of atomic structure	Rutherford described the nucleus
In the rendering of the atom J.J. Thompson	Uniform positive electrification was theorized
The periodic table represents the element in the order of	atomic number
Approximately how many known elements are there	100
The only element that is not in any group of the periodic table is	hydrogen
The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called	peroids
As you move from left to right across the periodic table what happens to the number of outer shell electrons from one element to the next	it increases by 1
Which group in the peroidic table contains elements that have only one electron in the outer shell	Alkali metals
Which of the following is a traditional element	Tungsten
Atoms with all three electrons in the outer shell	have 3 valence electrons
In the periodic table of the the elements the group number identifies the	number of electrons allowed in the outer shell
All of the following are elements except	Steel
How many atoms are there in one molecule of sodium bicarbonate	6
Which of the following physists had a major part in decreasing the atom as we know it today	Bohr
which of the following statements is true	in 1 yr light can travel approximately 10^16m
The periodic chart of elements is attributed to	dimitri mendeleev
Rutherford made what significant contribution to science	description of the nuclear atom
Which of the following statements about atoms are true	Most of the atoms are made of empty space
Which of the following statements about atoms are true	Atoms that have the same atomic number are atoms with the same atomic element
If I129/53 is a stable, electrically neutral atom, how many neutrons are there	76
When oxygen (16/8 O) combines with atom of hydrogen (1/1 H) to form water the resultant molecule has a total of	10 protons
The atomic number of an atom is given by the number of	protons plus neutrons
The atomic number	is the number of protons
Isotopes are atoms	of the same element
Electrons in the M-shell	do not exceed 18 in number
12/6 C and 14/6 C have the same	number of protons
The binding energy of an electron to a nucleus is	higher for an L-shell electron than an M-shell electron
How many nucleons does 131/53 I have	131
The number of protons in the nucleus is called the	atomic number
A neutron has approximately	1amu(mass) and no charge
How many different types of nucleons are there	2
Tungsten 184/74 W has how many neutrons	110
what is the maximum number of electrons permitted in the N-shell	32
Regarding atomic nomenclature	atomic mass number is a whole number
the following atoms are all stable which has the highest k-shell electron binding energy	Hg(mercury)
Alpha particle	radiation that can not penetrate a sheet of paper
beta particle is	a particle with a charge of -1.602x10(-19)C
Cyclotron is	A particle used to Produce radioisotope
Gamma Rays are	uncharged radiation : highly penetrating
Gold is	A stable atom that can be made radioactive
Isotopes are	atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Radioactive is	a substance composed of all atoms with unstable nuclei
Radioactivity	Spontaneous emission of energy or p[articles from unstable nuclei
Radioisotopes are	usually produced by particles from common elements
Uranium is	an atom that is naturally radioactive
Whena radioisotope emits beta particle	a neutron is converted into a proton
Isotopes are	atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers
Beta emission results in	the gain of a proton
Alpha emission results in	the loss of 4 amu
After beta emission the nucleus has	increased in Z number by 1
Radioisotopws have what type of nuclei	an unstable one
Electrons are arranged how	in orbits around the nucleus
What is true about radioisiotopes regarding decay	The percentage of atoms decaying per unit of time is constant
The difference between electrons and beta particles is	their origin
In the air gamma rays	do not normally travel farther than 10 m
What could be the most penetrating radiation	100 keV
The difference between the x-ray and gamma rays is	their origin
X-rays have	no mass no charge
What type of radiation is emitted from the outside of the nucleus	x-rays
As compared with particulate radiation electromagnetic radiation	has a higher electrostatic charge
Electromagnetic radiation ionizing radiation comes from	inside and outside of the nuclei
x-rays and gamma rays are examples of electromagnetic radiation both have	no electricostatic charge
what is an example of ionizing radiation	energetic protons
what are the two principle classes of ionizing radiation	particulate and electromagnetic
what is not ionizing radiation	therapeutic ultrasound

Created by: atesta0824

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