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What was the primary reason for the spectacular growth of America's population in the 18th century?
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German settlement in the colonies was especially heavy in...
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APUSH Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the primary reason for the spectacular growth of America's population in the 18th century? | The natural fertility of the population |
| German settlement in the colonies was especially heavy in... | Pennsylvania |
| The Scots-Irish eventually became concentrated especially in... | The frontier areas |
| True or false: Compared with the 17th century, American colonial society in the 18th century showed smaller gaps in wealth and status between rich and poor. | False. They showed wider gaps. |
| The most honored profession in colonial America was the... | Clergyman |
| The primary source of livelihood for most colonial Americans was... | Agriculture |
| What experience did Indians and African Americans have in common in the colonies? | Creating new cultures and societies out of the mingling of diverse ethnic groups |
| An unfortunate group of involuntary immigrants who ranked even below indentured servants on the American social scale | Convicts and paupers |
| The "triangular trade" involved the sale of rum, molasses, and slaves among what ports? | New England, Africa, and the West Indies |
| What did colonial merchants do in response to the passage of British restrictions on trade? | Found ways to smuggle and otherwise evade the law by trading with other countries |
| Besides offering rest and refreshment, colonial taverns served an important function as centers of... | News and political opinion |
| Why did the Anglican Church suffer in colonial America? | Its poorly qualified clergy and close ties with British authorities |
| What two denominations were considered "established" churches in the colonies? | Anglicans and Congregationalists |
| What was the most important result of the Great Awakening? | It broke down sectional boundaries and created a greater sense of common American identity. |
| What was the primary weapon used by colonial legislatures in their conflicts with royal governors? | Using their power of the purse to withhold the governor's salary |
| Corruption of a German word used as a term for German immigrants in Pennsylvania | Dutch (Doistch) |
| Ethnic group that had already relocated once before immigrating to America and settling largely on the Western frontier of the middle and southern colonies | Scots-Irish |
| Rebellious movement of frontiersmen in the southern colonies that included future President Andrew Jackson | Regulator Movement |
| Popular term for convicted criminals dumped on colonies by British authorities | Jayle Birds |
| Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized | Praying towns |
| A once-despised profession that rose in prestige after 1750 because its practitioners defended colonial rights | Lawyer |
| Small but profitable trade route that linked New England, Africa, and the West Indies | Triangular trade |
| Popular colonial centers of recreation, gossip, and political debate | Taverns |
| Term for tax-supported condition of Congregational and Anglican churches, but not of Baptists, Quakers, and Roman Catholics | Established |
| Spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s | Great Awakening |
| Ministers who supported the Great Awakening | "New light" ministers |
| Ministers who rejected the Great Awakening | "Old light" ministers |
| Institutions that were founded in greater numbers as a result of the Great Awakening, although a few had been founded earlier | Colleges |
| The case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel | Zenger case |
| The upper house of a colonial legislature, appointed by the crown or the proprietor | Council |
| Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice | Poor Richard's Almanack |
| Itinerant British evangelist who spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies | George Whitefield |
| Colonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the press | John Peter Zenger |
| Colonial printer who studied and worked in Britain | John Singleton Copley |
| Leading city of the colonies; home of Benjamin Franklin | Philadelphia |
| Largest non-English group in the colonies | African Americans |
| Dominant religious group in colonial Pennsylvania, criticized by others for their attitudes toward Indians | Quakers |
| Former slave who became a poet at an early age | Phillis Wheatley |
| Scots-Irish frontiersmen who protested against colonial elites of Pennsylvania and North Carolina | Paxton Boys and Regulators |
| Attempt by British authorities to squelch colonial trade with French West Indies | Molasses Act |
| Brilliant New England theologian who instigated the Great Awakening | Jonathan Edwards |
| Group that settled the frontier, made whiskey, and hated the British and other governmental authorities | Scots-Irish |
| Nonestablished religious group that benefited from the Great Awakening | Baptists |
| Author, scientist, printer; "the first civilized American" | Benjamin Franklin |
| Eloquent lawyer-orator who argued in defense of colonial rights | Patrick Henry |
| Established religion in southern colonies and New York; weakened by lackadaisical clergy and too-close ties with British crown | Anglican church |
| What was the effect of the high natural fertility of the colonial population? | Led to the increase of American population to 1/3 of England's in 1775 |
| What was the effect of the heavy immigration of Germans, Scots-Irish, Africans, and others into the colonies? | Resulted in the development of a colonial "melting pot," only 1/2 English by 1775 |
| What was the result of the large profits made by merchants as military suppliers for imperial wars? | Increased the wealth of the 18th century colonial elite |
| What was the result of American merchants' search for non-British markets? | Was met by British attempts to restrict colonial trade, e.g. the Molasses Act |
| What was the effect of dry over-intellectualism and loss of religious commitment? | Created conditions for the Great Awakening to erupt ion the early 18th century |
| What was the effect of the Great Awakening? | Stimulated a fervent, emotional style of religion, denominational divisions, and a greater sense of inter-colonial American identity |
| What was the effect of the Zenger case? | Marked the beginnings of freedom of printed political expression in the colonies |
| What was the result of the appointment of unpopular or incompetent royal governors to the colonies? | Prompted colonial assemblies to withhold royal governors' salaries |
| What was the result of upper-class fear of "democratic excesses" by poor whites? | Reinforced colonial property qualifications for voting |
| What was the effect of the lack of artistic concerns, cultural tradition, and legislature in the colonies? | Forced the migration of colonial artists to Britain to study and pursue artistic careers |
| True or false: Compared with the English colonies, New France was more democratically governed. | False. New France was more autocratically governed. |
| In what areas did New France do the most expansion? | Along the paths of lakes and rivers |
| Why were colonial Americans unhappy after the peace treaty following the "War of Jenkin's Ear"? | The treaty gave the Louisbourg fortress they had captured back to France. |
| What was the original cause of the French and Indian War? | Competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River Valley |
| The French and Indian War eventually became part of the larger world conflict known as... | The Seven Years' War |
| What was the result of Benjamin Franklin's attempt to create intercolonial unity at the Albany Congress? | Rejection of the congress's proposal for colonial home rule both by London and by the individual colonies |
| The British forces suffered early defeats in the French and Indian War under the overall command of.... | General Braddock |
| Why did William Pitt's strategy in the assault on New France finally succeed? | He concentrated British forces on attacking the vital strong points of Quebec and Montreal. |
| What was the decisive event in the French-British contest for North America? | The British victory in the Battle of Quebec |
| What are two factors that tended to promote intercolonial unity during the French and Indian War? | Common language and wartime experience |
| How did the French and Indian War weaken interior Indian peoples? | It removed their French and Spanish allies from Canada and Florida. |
| What was the effect of Pontiac's attack on frontier outposts after the French and Indian War? | Convincing the British to keep troops stationed in the colonies |
| What did the colonists think about the British Proclamation of 1763? | It angered them because they thought it deprived them of the fruits of victory after the French and Indian War |
| Why did the French and Indian War create conflict between the British and American military? | British officers treated the American colonial militia with contempt. |
| What was the effect on the colonists of the French removal from North America? | It reduced the colonies' reliance on Britain and increased their sense of independence. |
| French Protestants who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 but not permitted to settle in New France | Huguenots |
| Absolute French monarch who reigned for 72 years | Louis XIV |
| Animal whose pelt provided great profits for the French empire and enhanced European fashion at enormous ecological cost | Beaver |
| French Catholic religious order that explored the North American interior and sought to protect and convert the Indians | Jesuits |
| Far-running, high-living French fur trappers | Coureurs de bois |
| Part of a certain British naval officer's anatomy that set off an imperial war with Spain | Ear |
| Strategic French fortress conquered by New England settlers, handed back to the French, and finally conquered again by the British in 1759 | Louisbourg |
| Inland river territory, scene of fierce competition between the French and land-speculating English colonists | Ohio Valley |
| Bloodiest European theater of the Seven Years' War, where Frederick the Great's troops drained French strength away from North America | Germany |
| Unification effort that Benjamin Franklin nearly led to success by his eloquent leadership and cartoon artistry | Albany Congress |
| Military aide of British General Braddock and defender of the frontier after Braddock's defeat | Washington |
| Fortress boldly assaulted by General Wolfe, spelling doom for New France | Quebec |
| The "buckskin" colonial soldiers whose military success did nothing to alter British officers' contempt | Militia |
| Allies of the French against the British, who continued to fight under Pontiac even after the peace settlement in 1763 | Iroquois (Indians) |
| The larger European struggle of which the French and Indian War was part | Seven Years' War |
| Advocate of colonial unity at a 1754 meeting in upstate New York | Benjamin Franklin |
| British document that aroused colonial anger but failed to stop frontier expansion | Proclamation of 1763 |
| French colonists in Nova Scotia brutally uprooted by the victorious British and shipped to Louisiana | Acadians (Cajuns) |
| Conflict that started with the War of Jenkin's Ear and ended with the return of Louisbourg to France | War of Austrian Succession |
| Strategic French outpost at the mouth of the Mississippi | New Orleans |
| Indian leader whose frontier uprising caused the British to attempt to limit colonial expansion | Pontiac |
| Blundering British officer whose defeat gave the advantage to the French and Indians in the early stages of their war | General Braddock |
| The Father of New France, who established a crucial alliance with the Huron Indians | Samuel de Champlain |
| Site of the death of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, where France's New World empire also perished | Plains of Abraham |
| Strategic French stronghold; later renamed after a great British statesman | Fort Duquesne |
| Militia commander whose frontier skirmish in Pennsylvania touched off a world war | George Washington |
| Site of a meeting that proposed greater unity and home rule among Britain's North American colonies | Albany |
| Conflict that began with George Washington's skirmish in Ohio and ended with the loss of France's North American empire | Seven Years' War |
| French empire builder who explored the Mississippi Basin and named it after his monarch | Robert de la Salle |
| Splendid British orator and organizer of the winning strategy against the French in North America | William Pitt |
| What was the effect of the French fur trade? | Decimated beaver populations while spreading the French empire |
| What was the effect of the four "world wars" between 1688 and 1763? | Were echoed by four small wars between French and British subjects in North America |
| What was the effect of competition for land and furs in the Ohio Valley? | Led to Washington's expedition and battle with the French at Fort Necessity |
| What was the effect of the summoning of the Albany Congress by the British? | Represented the first major attempt at intercolonial unity |
| What was the effect of William Pitt's assumption of control of British government and strategy? | Resulted in decisive French defeat and British domination of North America |
| What was the effect of Wolfe's victory over Montcalm at Quebec? | Ended a string of defeats and turned the French and Indian War in Britain's favor |
| What was the effect of the colonial militia's military success in the French and Indian War? | Increased American military confidence and resentment of British redcoats |
| What was the effect of colonial American smuggling and trading with French enemy? | Increased British government's disdain for colonial Americans and raised doubts about their loyalty to the empire |
| What was the effect of the British issuance of the Proclamation of 1763? | Heightened colonial anger and encouraged illegal westward expansion |
| What was the effect of Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne? | Prompted widespread Indian assaults on the weakly defended colonial frontier |
| The British theory of mercantilism, by which the colonies were governed, held that... | The colonial economy should be carefully controlled to serve the mother country's needs |
| What was one of the main ways mercantilism harmed the colonial economy? | Forcing Virginia tobacco planters to sell their product only in Britain |
| Why was the mobilization of "nonimportation" policies against the Stamp Act politically important? | It aroused revolutionary fervor among many ordinary American men and women |
| What was the effect of British officials enforcing the East India Company's tea monopoly and the three-pence tax on tea on the colonists? | They were outraged because they saw it as a trick to undermine their principled resistance to the tax |
| How did the British react to the Boston Tea Party? | Closing the Port of Boston until damages were paid and order restored |
| American colonists especially resented the Townshend Acts because... | The revenues from the taxation would go to support British officials and judges in America |
| Why did the passage of the Quebec Act arouse intense American fears? | It extended Catholic jurisdiction and a non-jury judicial system into the western Ohio country |
| What was the most important action the Continental Congress took to protest the Intolerable Acts? | Forming The Association to impose a complete boycott of all British goods |
| What was the event that precipitated the first real shooting between the British and American colonists? | The British attempt to seize colonial supplies and leaders at Lexington and Concord |
| Who headed the British parliamentary government at the time of the American Revolution? | Lord North |
| The American rebellion was especially dangerous to the British because they were also worried about... | Possible revolts in Ireland and war with France |
| What British political party was generally more sympathetic to the American cause? | The Whig Party |
| One of the advantages the British enjoyed in the impending conflict with the colonies was... | The ability to enlist foreign soldiers, Loyalists, and Native Americans in their military forces |
| One of the advantages the colonists enjoyed in the impending conflict with Britain was... | Fighting defensively on a large, agriculturally self-sufficient continent |
| What side did African Americans generally fight on during the Revolutionary War? | Both the American and British sides |
| The basic economic and political theory by which 17th- and 18th-century European powers governed their overseas colonies | Mercantilism |
| The set of Parliamentary laws, first passed in 1650, that restricted colonial trade and directed it to the benefit of Britain | Navigation Laws |
| The term for products, such as tobacco, that could be shipped only to England and not to foreign markets | Enumerated products |
| Hated British courts in which juries were not allowed and defendants were assumed guilty until proven innocent | Admirality courts |
| British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members | Virtual representation |
| The effective form of organized colonial resistance against the Stamp Act, which made homespun clothing fashionable | Nonimportation agreements |
| The product taxed under the Townshend Acts that generated the greatest colonial resistance | Tea |
| Underground networks of communication and propaganda, established by Samuel Adams, that sustained colonial resistance | Intercolonial Committees of Correspondence |
| Religion that was granted toleration in the trans-Allegheny West by the Quebec Act, arousing deep colonial hostility | Roman Catholicism |
| British political party opposed to Lord North's Tories and generally more sympathetic to the colonial cause | Whigs |
| German mercenaries hired by George III to fight the American revolutionaries | Hessians |
| Paper currency authorized by Congress to finance the Revolution depreciated to near worthlessness | Continental |
| Effective organization created by the First Continental Congress to provide a total, unified boycott of all British goods | The Association |
| Rapidly mobilized colonial militiamen whose refusal to disperse sparked the first battle of the Revolution | Patriots |
| Popular term for British regular troops, scorned as "lobster backs" and "bloody backs" by Bostonians and other colonials | Recoats |
| British minister who raised a storm of protest by passing the Stamp Act | George Grenville |
| Lexington passed in 1765 but repealed the next year, after colonial resistance made it impossible to enforce | Stamp Act |
| Body led by John Adams that issued a Declaration of Rights and organized The Association to boycott all British goods | First Continental Congress |
| Legislation that required colonists to feed and shelter British troops; disobeyed in New York and elsewhere | Quartering Act |
| 19 year old major general in the Revolutionary army | Marquis de Lafayette |
| Wealthy president of the Continental Congress and "King of the Smugglers" | John Hancock |
| Minister whose clever attempt to impose import taxes nearly succeeded, but eventually brewed trouble for Britain | "Champagne Charley" Townshend |
| Zealous defender of the common people's rights and organizer of underground propaganda committees | Samuel Adams |
| Harsh measures of retaliation for a tea party, including the Boston Port Act closing that city's harbor | Intolerable Acts |
| Stubborn ruler, lustful for power who promoted harsh ministers like Lord North | George III |
| Alleged leader of radical protesters killed in Boston Massacre | Crispus Attucks |
| Organizational genius who turned raw colonial recruits into tough professional soldiers | Baron von Steuben |
| Male and female organizations that enforced the nonimportation agreements, sometimes by coercive means | Sons and Daughters of Liberty |
| British governor of Massachusetts whose stubborn policies helped provoke the Boston Tea Party | Thomas Hutchinson |
| Event organized by disguised "Indians" to sabotage British support of a British East India Company monopoly | Boston Tea Party |
| What was the effect of America's distance from Britain and the growth of colonial self-government? | Led to gradual development of a colonial sense of independence years before the Revolution |
| What was the effect of British mercantilism? | Enforced restrictions on colonial manufacturing, trade, and paper currency |
| What was the effect of the large British debt incurred defending the colonies in the French and Indian War? | Led Grenville to propose the Sugar Act, Quartering Act, and Stamp Act |
| What was the effect of the passage of the Stamp Act? | Was greeted in the colonies by the nonimportation agreements, the Stamp Act Congress, and the forced resignation of stamp agreements |
| What was the effect of the British troops sent to enforce order in Boston? | Fired on colonial citizens in the Boston Massacre |
| What was the effect of the British government's attempt to maintain the East India Company's tea monopoly? | Spurred patriots to stage Boston Tea Party |
| What was the effect of the Boston Tea Party? | Prompted passage of the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Act |
| What was the effect of the Intolerable Acts? | Prompted the summoning of the First Continental Congress |
| What was the effect of a British attempt to seize the colonial militia's gunpowder supplies? | Precipitated the battles of Lexington and Concord |
| What was the effect of the Continental Congress's reluctance to tax Americans for war? | Resulted in the printing of large amounts of paper currency and skyrocketing inflation |
| During the period of fighting between April 1775 and July 1776, the colonists claimed that their goal was... | To restore their rights within the British Empire |
| Why did George Washington proved to be an especially effective commander of American forces in the Revolution? | His integrity, courage, and moral forcefulness |
| What was the bold American military strategy that narrowly failed in December 1775? | An invasion of Canada by generals Arnold and Montgomery |
| What did many of the German Hessian soldiers hired by King George III to fight for the British do when they got to America? | They ended up deserting because they had little loyalty to the British |
| Why did Thomas Paine's appeal for a new republican form of government attract many Americans? | Their own experience with local and colonial democratic governance had prepared them for the idea |
| Paine's "Common Sense" was crucial in convincing many Americans that what they should fight for was.... | An independent and republican America separate from Britain |
| What group of people were more likely to be Loyalists? | Conservative and well-off Americans |
| Besides George Washington, the most militarily effective American officer in the early campaigns of 1776 and 1777 was.... | General Benedict Arnold |
| Why was the Battle of Saratoga a key turning point of the War for Independence? | It brought about crucial French assistance to the Revolutionary cause |
| What was the primary reason that Americans were willing to enter a military and diplomatic alliance with France in 1778? | The practical self-interest of needing assistance to defeat the British |
| Where did the British especially rely on the numerous Loyalists to aid them in fighting the Patriots? | Carolinas |
| Why did most of the Six Nations of the Iroquois under Joseph Brant fight against the American revolutionaries? | They believed that a victorious Britain would contain westward American expansion |
| The British defeat at Yorktown was brought about by George Washington's army and... | The French navy under Admiral de Grasse |
| In the peace negotiations at Paris, the French wanted the Americans to acquire what territory? | Only the territory east of the Appalachian Mountains |
| The British yielded the Americans a generous peace treaty that included the western territories primarily because of... | The desire of the weak Whig ministry in London for friendly future relations with the United States |
| The body that chose George Washington commander of the Continental Army | Continental Congress |
| The British colony that Americans invaded in hopes of adding it to the rebellious thirteen | Canda |
| The inflammatory pamphlet that demanded independence and heaped scorn on "the Royal Brute of Great Britain" | "Common Sense" |
| The document that provided a lengthy explanation and justification of Richard Henry Lee's resolution that was passed by Congress on July 2, 1776 | Declaration of Independence |
| The term by which the American Patriots were commonly known, to distinguish them from the American "Tories" | Whigs |
| Another name for the American Tories | Loyalists |
| The church body most closely linked with Tory sentiment, except in Virginia | Anglican |
| The river valley that was the focus of Britain's early military strategy and the scene of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga in 1777 | Hudson |
| Term for the alliance of Catherine the Great of Russia and other European powers who did not declare war but assumed a hostile neutrality toward Britain | Armed Neutrality |
| The region that saw some of the Revolution's most bitter fighting, from 1780 to 1782, between American General Greene and British General Cornwallis | Carolinas (South) |
| "Legalized pirates," more than a thousand strong, who inflicted heavy damage on British shipping | Privateers |
| British political party that replaced Lord North's Tories in 1782 and made a generous treaty with the United States | Whigs |
| The western boundary of the United States established in the Treaty of Paris | Mississippi River |
| The irregular American troops who played a crucial role in swaying the neutral civilian population toward the Patriot cause | Rebel Militiamen |
| The other European nation besides France and Spain that supported the American Revolution by declaring war on Britain | Holland |
| British general who chose to enjoy himself in New York and Philadelphia rather than vigorously pursue the American enemy | General Howe |
| Brilliant American general who invaded Canada, foiled Burgoyne's invasion, and then betrayed his country in 1780 | Benedict Arnold |
| American naval commander who successfully harassed British shipping | John Paul Jones |
| Author of an explanatory indictment, signed on July 4, 1776, that accused George III of establishing a military dictatorship | Thomas Jefferson |
| Shrewd and calculatingly "homespun" American diplomat who forged the alliance with France and later secured a generous peace treaty | Benjamin Franklin |
| Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries | Joseph Brant |
| The decisive early battle of the American Revolution that led to the alliance with France | Saratoga |
| Military engagement that led King George III officially to declare the colonists in revolt | Bunker Hill |
| Americans who fought for KG3 and earned the contempt of Patriots | Loyalists |
| A wealthy Virginian of great character and leadership abilities who served his country without pay | George Washington |
| The British defeat that led to the fall of North's government and the end of the war | Yorktown |
| Leader whose small force conquered key British forts in the West | George Rogers Clark |
| A radical British immigrant who put an end to American toasts to King George | Thomas Paine |
| Fiery Virginian author of the official resolution of July 2, 1776, formally authorizing the colonies' independence | Richard Henry Lee |
| Blundering British general whose slow progress south from Canada ended in disaster at Saratoga | General Burgoyne |
| What was the effect of the Battle of Bunker Hill? | Caused King George to proclaim the colonies in revolt and import Hessian troops to crush them |
| What was the effect of Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"? | Stirred growing colonial support for declaring independence from Britain |
| What was the effect of Jefferson's "Declaration of Independence"? | Inspired universal awareness of the American Revolution as a fight for the belief that "all men are created equal" |
| What was the effect of the Patriot militia's political education and recruitment? | Won neutral or apathetic Americans over to the Patriot cause |
| What was the effect of the blundering of Burgoyne and Howe and the superb military strategy of Arnold and Washington? | Led to the failure of Britain's grand strategy and the crucial American victory at Saratoga |
| What was the effect of the Battle of Saratoga? | Made France willing to become an ally of the United States |
| What was the effect of the trapping of Cornwallis between Washington's army and de Grasse's navy? | Caused the British defeat at Yorktown and the collapse of North's Tory government |
| What was the effect of the collapse of the North ministry and the Whig takeover of the British government? | Caused the British to begin peace negotiations in Paris |
| What was the effect of Clark's military conquests and Jay's diplomacy? | Led to American acquisition of the West up to the Mississippi River |
| What was the effect of Jay's secret and separate negotiations with Britain? | Led to a favorable peace treaty for the United States and the end of French schemes for a smaller, weaker America |
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