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Cardiovascular SG
Cardiovascular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the pulmonary system of the heart | Right system sends deoxygenated blood to lungs |
| Describe the systemic circulation of the heart | Left side pumps out oxygenated blood to all the organs in the body |
| What makes up the microcirculation? | Small arteries and veins and capillaries |
| Is the lymphatic system directly under the pumping of the heart? | No |
| True or False: The heart has its own circulation | True. It has conronary arteries and cardiac veins that nuture the cardiac muscle |
| Which walls are thicker atrium or ventricles? | Ventricles |
| Name the 3 layers of the heart | Outer epicardium, Myocardium (muscle layer) and Endocardium |
| What are all of the structures of the heart lined with? | Endothelium because they are exposed to the blood |
| How are myocardio cell coupled? | Electrically through gap junctions |
| True or False: All of the conducting cells of the heart are nerves? | False. All of them are specialized cardiac myocytes |
| Are myocytes as dense as working cells? | No they have some myofibrils |
| Describe the cardiac skeleton | Set of rings and intramembranous region that are all composed of dense irregualr connective tissue. They support the chambers and major blood vessels of the heart |
| What leaks out when a portion of the myocardium dies off due to blockage of coronary arteries? | Troponin I and C leak out |
| What fibers do subendocardial contain? | Purkinje fibers |
| What type of tissue are the valves of the heart? | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| What can rheumatic fever lead to in the valves? | Inflammation of the valves |
| If the valves lose their ability to close what happens? | There can be backflow of blood |
| What can the accumulation of calcium in the valves cause? | Tends to stiffen the valves. (Comes with age) |
| What are the layers of the mitral valve? | Spongiosa, fibrosa and ventricularis. |
| What does spongiosa do when the valves close? | It absorbs the shock |
| What are the three layers of vessels? | Adventia, tunica media and tunica intima on the lumenal side |
| What is another name for medium arteries? | Distributing arteries |
| Describe the route of the large arteries to microcirculation | Large arteries-medium arteries-arterioles-capillary network to venules to venous side |
| What are pre-capillary sphincters purposes? | Ways of controlling the amount of blood that flows to the capillary |
| What vessel in microcirulation releases heat from the skin? | Capillaries |
| What are the smallest venules? | post-capillary venules |
| What in the postcapillary venules support the movement of the leukocytes in and out of the vasculature, into the tissue? | Specialized endothelium, cuboidal endothelium that's coupled to the movement of the leukocytes through the post-capillary venules |
| True or False: The pressure on the venous side is very high | False: The pressure is very low |
| What helps the veins due to low pressure to prevent backflow? | Valves |
| If the valves become inflammed or calcified what can happen? | May not close properly and can lead to swelling in the legs due to pooling in the blood |
| In what veins are varicose veins located? | Medium veins |
| Where is there a major pressure drop in the vasculature? | In the arterioles. Major component of peripheral resistance, a lot of anti-hypertension drugs target this part |
| What is the intima lined with? Is it permeable? | Simple squamous epithelium. It is a good permeability barrier because of the tight junctions |
| What factor do weibel-palade bodies contain? | The von-Willebrand factor which promotes blood clotting |
| Does endothelium promote or inhibit blood clotting? | It inhibits blood clotting |
| What is the role nitric oxide in signaling? | A gas that is released from endothelial cells and diffuse to the smooth muscle in the media layer and cause relaxtion |
| In the intimal layer where are the endothelial cells sitting? | On the basement membrane |
| What can be found in large arteries to propel blood forward? | Rings of Elastic lamellae |
| Do you get more elastic lamellae as you age? | Yes |
| Do the number of elastic rings increase or decrease with hypertension? | Increase |
| Describe an aneurysm | It is a boldging of the wall of the aorta which can lead to the separation of the intima from the media. Blood can get in between and cause it to explode |
| What are a lot of aneurysm associated with? What mutation? | A mutation in the fibrillin gene which is associated with Marfan's syndrome |
| What growth factor is associated with fibrillin? | TGF beta. When it doesn't associate with fibrillin it will be an overage of TGF beta |
| Describe the role of Losartin | It is an angiotensin receptor blocker, can be effective in treating aneurysm, It affects TGF-beta synthesis |
| Is there a series of rings in the inner elastic membrane in muscular arteries/medium arteries? | No. There is only one elastic membrane on the inside and one on the outside |
| Describe how plaque can form in the arteries | Uptake of LDL enters the wall through macrophages, macrophages turn into foam cells, leads to intimal thickening and platelets stick to lumenal surface. Heart attack |
| Do veins have a thick medial wall? | No they have a thin medial wall |
| In the vena cava what maintains the patency so it doesn't collapse? | Smooth muscle bundles that run longitudinal in the adventia |
| Do medium size veins contain smooth muscle bundles? | No |
| Describe continuous capillaries | Has tight junctions, transcytosis vesicular transport, seen in peripheral nerves, muscle and respiratory system |
| Describe fenestered capillaries | Have diaphragms for filtration sites that allow molecules to move in and out, found in GI tract, endocrine glands |
| Describe discontinous capilaries | Basal lamina has gaps or is not present, gaps in endothelium, found in liver and spleen that have to move large debris in and out |
| What is the purpose of lymph nodes? | They add or remove components of the lymph |
| Do lymphatics have valves? | They have flap like valves to prevent back flow |
| What factor is involved in almost all processes that stimulate new blood vessel growth? | VegF. It can stimulate smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells through various receptors. Tie-2 is an example of a receptor |
| What is angiogenesis? | Stimulation of branching off of mature blood vessels. Stimulated by VegF |
| What does angiogenesis play a role in that is not good? | Tumor growth. Tumors attract angiogenesis |
| What is the key stimulator of angiogeneis? | Low oxygen hypoxia |
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