| Question | Answer |
| Tissues | groups of cells with similar structure and function |
| List 4 Primary Types | 1)epithelial tissue 2)connective tissue 3)muscle tissue 4)nervous tissue |
| Epithelial Tissue | -locations: body coverings, body linings, glandular tissue.
-functions: protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion. |
| Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue | 1)cellularity 2)specialized contacts 3)polarity 4)supported by connective tissue 5)avascular but innervated 6)regeneration |
| Simple Squamous | -single layer of flat cells
-location: usually forms membrane
-functions: diffusion, filtration, secretion. |
| Simple Cuboidal | -single layer of cubelike cells
-locations: glands, ducts, kidney tubules
-functions: secretion, absorption, |
| Simple Columnar | -single layer of tall cells
-include mucus that produce goblet cells
-location: lines digestive tract
-functions: secretion, absorption |
| Pseudostratified Columnar | -single layer, but some cells are shorter than others, tallest appeal to surface
-looks like a double layer of cells but all cells rest on the basement membrane.
-location: respiratory tract
-functions: absorption, secretion, |
| Stratified Squamous | -cells at the apical surface are flattened.
-functions as a protective covering where friction is common
-locations: lining of the skin, mouth, esophagus. |
| Stratified Cubuidal | -two layers of cuboidal cells
-function: protection |
| Stratified Columnar | -surface cells are columnar, basal cells are cuboidal
-function: protection |
| Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar | -rare in human body
-found in ducts of large glands |
| Transitional Epithelium | -composed of modified stratified squamous
-shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching
-functions: stretching and the ability to return to normal shape
-location: lines organs of the urinary system |
| Glandular Epithelium | -one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product
-secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous fluid. |
| Name 2 Major Types of Gland | 1)endocrine gland
2)exocrine gland |
| Endocrine Gland | -ductless since secretions diffuse into blood vessels
-all secretions are hormones |
| Exocrine Gland | -secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
-include sweat and old gland
-structural classification (simple, compound, tubular, alveolar) |
| List 3 Modes of Secretion | 1)mecrocine: i.e. sweat and salivary gland
2) holocrine: keep producing until cell bursts
3)apocrine |
| Connective Tissue | -found everywhere in the body
-includes most abundant tissues
-functions: binds body tissues together and supports the body, provides protection, insulation, transportation. |
| Connective Tissue Characteristics | -all connective tissue drives from the mesenchymes
-variations in blood supply. (some tissue types are well vascularized, some have a poor blood supple or are avascular)
-extracellular matrix: non-living material that surrounds living cells. |
| Extracellular Matrix | two main elements, ground substance + fivers |
| Ground Substance | mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules. |
| Fibers | -produced by the cells
-3 types: collagen (white), elastic (yellow), reticular |
| Mesenchyme | -embryonic connective tissue
-gel like ground substance with fibers and star shaped mesenchymal cells
-give rise to all other connective tissue
-found in the embryo |
| List 3 Types of Loose Connective Tissue | 1)areolar 2)adipose 3)reticular |
| Loose Connective Proper: Areolar Tissue | -most widely distributed connective tissue
-soft, pliable tissue like "cobwebs"
-functions as a packing tissue
-contains all fiber types
-can soak up excess fluid |
| Loose Connective Proper: Adipose Tissue | -matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
-many cells contain large lipid deposits
-functions: insulates the body, protects some organs, serves as a site of fuel storage |
| Loose Connective Proper: Reticular Tissue | -delicate network of interwoven fibers
-locations: forms stroma (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow) |
| Dense Connective Tissue | -main matrix element is collagen fiber
-fibroblasts are cells that make fibers
-location: tendons, ligaments, dermis. |
| Hyaline Cartilage | -most common type of cartilage
-compose of collagen fibers and rubbery matrix
-locations: larynx, entire fetal skeleton prior to birth
-functions: flexible skeletal element than bone |
| Fibrocartilage | -highly compressible
-locations: forms cushion (discs between vertebrae) |
| Bone (Osseous Tissue) | -composed of bone cells in lacunae, hard matrix of calcium salts, large numbers of collage fibers
-functions: protect and support the body |
| Blood (Vascular Tissue) | -blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma
-fibers are visible during clotting
-functions as the transport vehicle for materials. |
| List 3 types of covering and lining membranes | 1)cutaneous 2)mucous 3)serous
*all made up of epithelial and connective* |
| Cutaneous Membrane | -skin (first 2 layers)
-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-thick layer of dense irregular connective
-dry membrane (expose to air) |
| Mucous Membranes | -defines location not composition)
-line body cavities open to the exterior (digestive tract, respiratory tract, urogenetial tract)
-wet membranes
-stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium
-loose connective
-may be a third smooth muscle lay |
| Serous Membranes (serosae) | -found in closed ventral body cavities
-mesothelium (simple squamous)
-loose connective (areolar)
-name for organ association |
| Muscle Tissue Characteristics | -highly cellular
-well vascularized
-myofilaments
-may be under voluntary or involuntary control |
| List 3 Types of Muscle Tissue | 1)skeletal muscle (voluntary control)
2)cardiac muscle (involuntary control)
3)smooth muscle (involuntary control) |
| Skeletal Muscle | -under voluntary control
-contracts to pull on bones or skin
-produces gross body movements or facial expressions
-characteristics of skeletal muscle cell: stratified, more than one nucleus, long and cylindrical cells) |
| Cardiac Muscle | -under involuntary control
-found only in the heart
-function is to pump blood
-characteristics of cardiac muscle cells (stratified, one nucleus per cell, cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks, branch structure) |
| Smooth Muscle | -under involuntary control
-found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
-characteristics of smooth muscle cells: no visible striations, one nucleus per cell, spindle-shaped cells |
| Nervous Tissue | -composed of neurons and nerve support cells
-function is to send impulses to other areas of the body
-support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons |
| Parietal | lining of the body cavities |
| Visceral | lining of the organs inside the body cavities |
| Regeneration | replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells |
| Fibrosis | repair by dense connective tissue (scar tissue) |
| List 2 things whether regeneration or fibrosis occurs depends on | 1)type of tissue damage
2)severity of the injury |
| Steps of Tissue Repair | 1)inflammation
2)granulation tissue forms
3)regeneration of surface epithelium |
| Inflammation | -capillaries become very permeable
-clotting proteins migrate into the area from the blood stream
-a clot walls off the injured area |
| Granulation Tissue Forms | -growth of new capillaries
-rebuild collagen fibers |
| Regeneration of Surface Epithelium | -scab detaches |
| Tissues that regenerate easily | -epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)
-fibrous connectives and bone |
| Tissues that regenerate poorly | -skeletal muscle |
| Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue | -cardiac muscle
-nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord |
| Primary germ layers in early embryo (3) | -ectoderm
-mesoderm
-endoderm |
| Ectoderm | creates skin and nervous tissue |
| mesoderm | creates muscle and connective tissue |
| endoderm | creates mucosae |
| Carcinogenesis | formation of cancer |
| List 2 types of carcinogenesis | 1)oncogenesis
2)tumorigenesis (formation of tumor) |
| Changes that lead to cancer | -growth factor independence (uncontrolled cell division)
-angiogenesis (blood vessel growth)
-immortality (replicate indefinitely)
-evasion of spoptosis
-invasive ability |
| Benign Neoplasm | -tumor
-compact
-slow growing
-contained |
| Malignant Neoplasm | -cancer |
| Metastasis | a mutated cell goes to another area to create a secondary cancer |
