| Question | Answer |
| Matter that has definite shape and definite volume. | Solid |
| Atoms of more than one type of element that are chemically bonded
together. | Compounds |
| Matter that does not have shape or volume. | Gas |
| Process where a solid changes directly into a gas. | Sublimation |
| Characteristics that can be observed without changing the compositions of the substance. | Physical Properties |
| Temperature at which a gas changes into a liquid. It is the same
temperature as the boiling point. | Condensation Point |
| Type of bonding that occurs when atoms are combine due to opposite
charges attracting each other. | Ionic |
| State of electrically charged, free-moving particles. | Plasma |
| Temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. It is the same temperature as the melting point. | Freezing Point |
| Name for atoms that have a charge because they have either lost or gained electrons | Ions |
| Matter with definite volume, but no definite shape. | Liquid |
| Name that refers to the electrons found in the outermost energy level. | Valence |
| Type of bonding that involves atoms sharing electrons. | Covalent |
| Process where a gas changes directly into a solid. | Deposition |
| Characteristics that cannot be observed without changing the substance’s composition. | Chemical properties |
| Examples of Pjysical Changes | Melting ice, cutting paper, dissolving sugar in water, drawing on paper |
| Examples of Chemical Changes | Fireworks exploding, leaves changing colors, glowing lightstick, campfire, rusting nails, molding bread |
| Substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances | Element |
| Substances that are made of 2 or more chemically bonded atoms. | Compounds |
| Covalent bonds | occur between two nonmetals (ex. H2O) |
| Nonmetals | H, C, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I |
| Polar Covalent Compounds | Not all electrons are shared evenly in a covalent compound. |
| Carbon Compounds | -Foundation for life
–Carbohydrates, Lipids/Fats, Proteins, & Amino Acids. |
| long chains of Hydrogen & Carbon atoms: Alcohols & Fuels | long chains of Hydrogen & Carbon Hydrocarbons |
| substances that undergo a chemical change | Reactants |
| substances that are the result of a chemical change. | Products |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | The mass of the reactants will equal the mass of the products. |
| reaction where energy is absorbed | endothermic |
| reaction where energy is given off. | exothermic |
| Rates of Reactions | How fast or how slow a reaction will take can be affected by some of the following factors:
1. Temperature
2. Surface Area
3. Pressure |
| Catalysts | a substance that speeds up a reaction that doesn’t actually react.
Example: Enzymes |
| A mixture that is evenly mixed throughout. | Homogeneous Mixtures |
| A mixture that is NOT mixed evenly throughout & each component keeps its own properties. | Heterogeneous Mixtures |
| Protons | Positively charged particles.
• The number of protons in the nucleus determines one element from another. |
| Neutrons | Particles that have NO charge (neutral).
• Each element may change its number of neutrons. |
| Electrons | Tiny, negatively charged particles.
· Electrons are found randomly in specific energy levels surrounding the nucleus. |
| Quarks | Quarks are very small particles that make up protons & neutrons.
· There are a total of 6 different “flavors” of quarks that have been discovered. |
| Came up with the word “atomos” to describe the smallest form of matter that could not be divided | Democritus |
| said that matter can be divided infinitely | Aristotle |
| Proposed the concept of the Atomic Theory. | John Dalton |
| Discovered the electron using magnets & a cathode ray tube.
· Described the atom as “plum pudding”. | J.J. Thomson |
| Discovered the atom’s nucleus in his gold foil experiment. The nucleus is positively
charged and the atom is mostly empty space. | Ernest Rutherford |
| Discovered the electron’s exact negative charge in his oil drop experiment. | Robert Millikan |
| Shows the number of protons in the nucleus. | Atomic Number |
| Number of protons plus neutrons | Mass Number |
| Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. | Isotopes |
| The weighted average of the isotopes of an element. | Atomic Mass
You can calculate the average number of neutrons in an element by subtracting the
atomic number from the atomic mass. |
| Metals | Most of the elements are solid metals.
· Metals are usually shiny, malleable, good conductors of heat & electricity and ductile. |
| Metalloids | Elements that have some characteristics of both metals & nonmetals.
· Examples: Boron, Silicon, Antimony, & Arsenic. |
| Nonmetals | Most nonmetals are gases.
· Solid nonmetals are brittle, poor conductors, & not easily shaped.
· 97% of your body is made of nonmetals. |
| A row of elements. | Periods |
| the vertical columns of elements that have similar physical & chemical properties. | Families |
| Most reactive of the metals. | Alkali Metals |
| Commonly used in fireworks for the colors.
· Has 2 electrons in the outermost shell. | Alkaline Earth Metals |
| Wide variety of metals such as coin & structural metals.
· Middle of the periodic table. | Transition Elements |
| Bond with Alkali Metals to form salts.
· Have 7 electrons in outermost shell.
· Steal electrons from other atoms – reactive nonmetals.
· Poisonous gases | Bond with Alkali Metals to form salts.
· Have 7 electrons in outermost shell.
· Steal electrons from other atoms – reactive nonmetals.
· Poisonous gases |
| Nonmetals | Period: reactivity increases as you go from left to right across a period.
· Group: reactivity decreases as you go down a group |
| a group of atoms connected by covalent bonds. | Molecules |
