| Question | Answer |
| Christian crusaders | -went out to seek a cheaper route
-led to the discovery of america
-craved things from asia (silks, sugar, drugs,perfumes |
| christopher columbus | sailed in october 1492
-discovery led to globalization
-seeked a new water route
-succesful faiure( wanted to go to asia) |
| queen isabella and king fernidad | king and queen of spain
-supported christopher columbus' voyage |
| European impact on Native Americans | -religon= converted indians to christianity
-gave natives diseases( smallpox, measels)
-90% of indians died after columbus' arrival |
| New World discovery | offered raw materials
-metals, sugar cane, and soil for crops
-made spain lead in wealth and discovery |
| joint stock company | paid for the first permanent colonies in America
-provided the financial means
-known as the virginia company of london |
| Jamestown | founded to make money
-easy to defend, mosquito infested, unhealthful
-john smith: saved colony
-settlers died from malnutrition etc... |
| Powhatans | -didn't have advanced weaponery like colonist
-pochohantas= chiefs daughter
-pocohantas kept the peace between the indians and settlers |
| colonies foundation | lord de la warr= new governor
-colonist died quickly
-joint stock company provided finanacial means
-starving time |
| John Smith | saved Jamestown/virginia
"he who shall not work, shall not eat"
-was the main leader of jamestown |
| Differences between the colonist in the north and the south | north= religiously devoted, puritans, fur traders, and fishers
south=went to the south for tobacco and "riches" |
| New England confederation | -firstmilestone to colonial unity
-esssentially only for the puritans
-purpose was to fight against foes/ potential foes(dutch, french, and indians) |
| Roger Williams | religious dissenter
-wanted religous freedom
-waas banished from the mass. bay colony
-fled to rhode island |
| Rhode island | -1st baptist church
-freedom of religion
-most liberal than any other colony
-sheltered dissenters
-founded by roger williams |
| Maryland | religious refuge for catholics
-second plantation colony
-toleration to all christians(act of toleration)
-didnt accept jews and atheist
-lord baltimes=founder |
| Massachucets bay colony | established by non spereating puritans, it soon became the larget and most influencial of the New England colonies |
| West indies | -found by columbus
-sugar= the west indie economy |
| virginia | john rolfe=econcomic savior of Virginia and father of tobbacco
-tobacco
-most populous counrty |
| pennsylvania | refuge for quakers
-respected the indians
-founded by william penn
-welcomed masons and shoe makers
-advertising |
| Georgia | refuge for debtors
-was a buffer to protect carolinas from spain
-kings george wanted no slavery in georgia
-James oglethorpe: wanted prison reform |
| Carolinas | -south and north
-wine, silk, and olive oil, and rice
-slaves:used on rice plantations, were a majority of carolinians |
| New netherland | "new york"
-established by the dutch for a profit
-fur trade, a secondary intrest for founders
-dutch also bought mannhattan for the worthless trinkets |
| Regional differences(south ,middle, north) | south- slavery, rice, indigo, few cities
middle-popul.=ethnically mixed, few industries, water wheel
north-democracy, puritans, education, litteracy |
| immigrants to the colonies | -indentured servants "white slaves" 3/4 of european immigrants
-slaves from africa
-chesapeak planters bought 100000 indentured servants by 1700 |
| slavery | most slaves went to the west indies&south america
-some coonies made it a crime to educate slaves
-middle passage:slaves bought on ships
-saves replaced indentured servants |
| Salem witch trials | -adolescent girls claimed to be bewitched by older women
-occured in 1692
-20 lynched(19 died)
-ended in 1693
-showed fear of religious traditionaist |
| 3 regions and their differences | South-slavery
Middle- dissenters
New england- reigion |
| Ben Franklin | the first civiized american
-best known for poor richards almanack
- inspired by the enlightenment
-won numerous honors in england |
| Phillis wheatly | -slave
-compares best of the poetry
-published a book of verse showing the influence of ALexander Pope |
| Robert De La Salle | -sent to check the spanish penatration in the gulf of mexico
-named great interior basin in Louisianna in honor of Louis XIV
-Floated down the mississippi |
| seven years war | -was a 7 seas wwar
-britan and prussia v. france spain austria and russia |
| Proclimation of 1763 | -issued by parliament in the wake of pontiacs uprising
-prohibited settlement beyond apps.
-contributed to rising resentment of british rues in American colonies |
| Boston Massacre | american protest
-5 were dead
-patriots used it to organize colonist
-1770 |
| Sugar act | collect taxes a preosecute smuggles |
| quartering act | made colonist supply british soldiers with food, and shelter |
| Stamp act | taxed printed materials (newspapers and books) |
| boston tea party | -1773
-Tea was dumped into the boston ports
-after, ports were closed |
| 3 ways colonist protested | violence, itellectual, and economic |
| 3 ways colonist protested: violence | -mobs destroyed governors home
-rebels feathered tax collectors
-boston tea party |
| 3 ways colonist protested: itelectual | -advocated natural rights
-government was a social contract with citizens |
| 3 ways colonist protested: Economic | -boycott of goods
-daughters of liberty were homespun |
| British and taxes of colonist | -after french and indian war parliament began placing taxes
-by placing taxes parliament had control |
| First continental congress | 1774 meeting
-met in philadelphia
-meeting of colonial delegates to protest the intolerabe acts
-John adams:felt a new country was being born |
| Patrick henry (quote) | give me liberty of gie me death (first cont. congress meeting) |
| Second continental congress | -colonial deegates met in philadelphia
-may 1775
-organized a bigger fight against the british |
| Olive Branch Peitiion | -Britan responded by sending more troops
-sent to britan reaffirming alligence to King George but notpariament
-petition was rejected |
| Battle of Saratoga | -october 1777
-patriots won
-the victoy convinced France to form an alliance with Americans and send troops
-won w/ the hep of benedict arnold |
| John Burgoyne | british general in the battle of saratoga who invaded the hudson valley falling into a trap at saratoga |
| French and the Revolution | -french fleet arried to help cut off british forces
-coronwallis was trapped on a penninsula YORKTOWN
-1781- Cornwallis surrenduered to Layfeete and Washington ending the war |
| Treaty of paris | -women gained few rights
-recognized AMerican independence
-Many african americans were renslaved
-Ben Franklin negotiated the treaty gaining more territory for US then what was gained on the battlefield |
| Slavery and the ratification of the const. | -founding father failed to abolish slavery
-feared that a fight over slavery would destroy the national unity |
| Articles of Confederation | -approved when states claiming weastern lands surrenduered the lland
-first constitutional gov. of the US
-left congress unable to enforce a tax collection program
-no executive branch
-major legeslatives required a 1/2 vote to pass congress |
| northwest ordiance | -1787
-established a procedure for governing the old northwest territory
-forbade slavery in the Old Northwest
-tried to promote trade |
| Shays rebellion | provoked by foreclosures on the mortgages of back country farmers
-led by daniel shay
-many of the farmerswere rev. war veterans |
| The debtors of shay rebellion wanted... | 1. paper money
2. light taxes
3. no forclosures |
| Philadephia convention | -james madison notably contributed
-held in may 1787 in secrecy
-waneted to revise articles of confederation |
| Father of the constitution | james madison
36 at the time
made notable contributions |
| Major participants at the constitutional convention | -thomas jefferson
-john adams
-alexander hamilton:5 hour speech about a powerful gov.
-Washington=selected as chairman
James Madison
-Ben franklin=held his tongue |
| Great compromise | -each state had 2 senates, larger states had more
-worked out an acceptabe scheme for apportioning congressional representation
-delegates agreed every tax bill woud originate in the house |
| Anitfederalist (ratification) | -opposed a stronger federal gov.
-thomas jefferson, and madison
-the freedoms of individuals were jeopardized by the absence of the bill of rights |
| Fesderalist (ratification) | -wanted a strong central government
-akexander hamilton, washington, franklin
-wealthhy, educated, organzized
-wealthier, more educ |
| Bill of Rights | -first 10 ammendments in the const.
-secure the rights of individuals and reserve the states powers not prohibited by the const. |
| Alexander Hamilton | Secratary of treasury in washingtons cabinet
-native of the british west indies
-created an economic program
-soldier in the rev. war |
| Hamiltons economic program | -felt the gov should be ruled by an enlightened ruling class
-needed the support of the wealthy and powerful and obtained it by investing in them to sucess the nation |
| National Debt Plan (Hamilton) | -selling of pubic land, protecctive tariff
-would take over the debt of states causing the states &fed. bond holders to oo to the central gov. and have a vested stake in the central gov. being sucessful |
| Bank Of the United States | -once they got money from taxes,tarrifs, and and theyd put it into a national bank
-bank would provide loans for buisness and givce the government a safe place to put the funds
-20 yr charter |
| Whiskey Rebellion | -1794
-western farmers began terorrizing excise collectors in pitsburg
-tax n whiskey angered farmers
-washington caused resistance to collapse |
| Federalist party platform | -hamitonians
-favored the wealthy -national bank
-strong central gov -loose interp. of const.
-protective tarrif -trade
-pres=like a kind |
| Jeffersonian Republican platform | -french -favore farmers
-bill of rights -favored S and W
-freedom of speech -agrarian gov
-strict interp. of the const.
-republicans |
| Washingtons farewell address | -disliked parties and alliances
- warned country to stay out of ruopean affairs
-avoid all permanent alliances
-states in 1776 |
| XYZ affair | -diplomatic confict bw France and US when american envoys were asked to pay a bribe to meet w/ french foreign minister
result = us wanted repect, quasi war |
| who was X, Y, AND Z | -3 americans sent
-Chares Pickney, john marshall, and elbridge jerry |
| Quasi War | -french ships began capturing american vessels in response to jays treaty
-over XYZ affrair |
| How did the quasi war end? | when french saw US and British ties increase
-napolean sought peace |
| alien acts | -passed by adams and the federalist
alien: raised residency requirement to 14 years and gave the president the power to deportany immigrants(made it harder to imm) |
| Sedition acts | passed bby adams and federalist
-made anyone convicted of defaming the gov liable to imprisonment and arge fine |
| virginia and kentucky resoloutions | -statements secretly drafted by jeff. and madison
-gave the states power
-in response to aien and sedition acts
-argued states were the final arbituers |
| jefferson as president | -won the election of 1800
-republicans got power
-Louisianna Purchase |
| Aaron burr | fought along side genera arnold and wilkinson
-electoral tie bw burr and jeff (house of reps chose jeff.) made them enemies
-Kiled hamiton and was indicted (arrested for it)
-went west and gained New Orleans territory |
| Election of 1800 | -caled rev of 1800 because it changed the politica fabric of gov.
-federaist attempted to keep powerr with midnight appointments |
| John Marshall | -judge in marbury v. Madison case
-showed the power of judicial review
-charged burr with law of treason and acquiteed burr |
| Marbury v. Madison | Marbury sued madison to force him to deliever his commision as a justice of the peace
-established the principal of judicial review |
| judicial review | idea that the supreme court had the most authority |
| Louisianna Purchase | -doubled us territory
-15 milion .03 cents an acre
-jefferson feared purchase bc his views of the constitution
-napolean sold land to focus more on France |
| Lewis and Clark | -expedition took 2 1/2 years
-Jefferson sent lewis and clark to ecplore louisianna territtory and pacific NW
-demonstarted viability of the overand trail
-aided by sacagewea |
| Embargo Act | -1807
-led to smugling
-How america responded to impressment
-american merchants disliked the act
-stopped all trade by boat |
| Macons Bill No. 2 | -couldnt stop british offenses on sea
-the weak non intercourse act & congressional lure madison was left enforcing
-implied in britan/frace repealed trade restrictions the us would reinstate embargo against non repealing nation |
| Battle of New Orleans | Defeat of british (US won)
-wave of nationalism
-American economy =crippled
-during the battle a treaty was signed |
| Tecumseh | -angry with british poicies
-shawnee tribe member who attempted to united tribes along the miss.
-aimed to recaim NW territory and end white movement |
| Tipecanoe | -battle of tippecanoe
-william Harrisson drove natives out of prophets town |
| War of 1812 | -over trade& the impressment
-bred greater independence
-Americans v. British
-6000americans= killed/ wounded
-ignited by french rev |
| Rush Baggot agreement | bw Us and Britan limitig naval arament on great lakes |
| Hartford convention | -26 men met for 3 weeks
-discussion of souther and western intrests in congress &white house |
| At the Hartford Convention federalist hoped to achieve.... | -limits on trade
-presidency to one term
-prohibit the election of 2 sucessive presidents from the same states
-abolition of the 3/5 clause |
| Tariff of 1816 | -first traiff in AMerican History
-instituted for protection, not for revenue
-created a trend for the desire of protection |
| Missouri compromise | -laster 34 years
-maine became a free state
missouri messed up the balance of power
-missouri and arkansas=slavery
-led to civil war
-36'30' above=free below=slave state |
| Marshaland supreme court cases | -deicisons showed supreme courts power over the states
-cases= gibbons v. obdegen, Fletcher v. Peck... |
| Monroe doctrine | -adams broered deal in 1823
2 main points:
1. european power couldn't intervene
2. no colonization in the americas |
| Corrupt bargain | -dea be canidate john adams and henry clay to throw the election
-to be decided by house of reps adams wins
-became rally cry for supporters of andrew jackson who got the popularity vote in 1824 |
| spoils system | -widely abused by office seekers but helped cement a two party system
-1st widey employed @ the federal level by jackson |
| Nullification Crisis | showdown bw ANdrew Jackson and South Carolina leg
-declared 1832 tariff null and void in the state& threatened secession if the fed. gov. tried to collect duties
-resolved by a comprimise made by henry cay |
| Force bill | -passed by congress alongside the compromise tariff
-authorized president to use millitary to collect federal tariff duties
-occured in 1833 |
| Manifest destiny | -mid 19th century expansion
-annex of texas
-louisianna purchase
-oregon territory
-gaining cali and new mexico
-belief that US was destined by God to spread its "empire liberty" |
| Texas | -gone to texas (gtt)
-some were running away from their past
-famous pioneers= crockett & bowie
-by 1835 30000 texan americans were settled
-independent nation |
| Stephen Austin | father: Moses got the right to start a colony
-sent to prison for 8 months
-immigrants HAD to convert to catholocism
-wanted immigrants to be mexicanized |
| Lone star Rebellion | -named sam houston commander and chief
-texas= independent
-santaAnna brought 6000 troops to sweep through texas
-at the almo the texans held out 13 days against larger numbers but lost in the end
-survirors= executed |
| annexation of texas | james k pol won election due to his desire to expand
-john tyler annexed texas dur to its popular support
-most were good citizens some were going to texas to run away from troubled past
-people had to be catholic and mexicanized |
| Election of 1840 | -won by wiliam harrison with 234 electoral votes
-Van Buren v. Harrisson
-whig v. democrat
"tippecanoe and tyler" |
| Wilmot Proviso | an amendment to a funding bill that was created by President James K. Polk and was made to establish and fund peace negotiations with Mexico for a Treaty to end the Mexican American War |
| Indian removal act of 130 | -Removed indians west of the missisippi
-was an area unknown to them
-trail of tears
-georgia refused to see cherokee as a nation |
| 49th parallel | -the boundary bw US and Canada
-due to the british belief that territory was not worth fighting for |
| How Polks war with Mexico Began | -criticism from whigs
-Mexican troops crossed te rio grande& attacked american forces
-lead to the mexican war
-Polk "American blood has been shed on American soil" |
| Treaty of Guadalope-Hidalgo | -how mexican war ended
-mexico ceeded New Mexico and Caifornia
-Rio Grande= Acknowledged border
-US Agreed to pay 15 milion |
| Eli Whitney | inveted the cotton gin |
| Industrial Revoloution | south= slower north=faster
-canals -decreased trnasportation time
-erie cana
-manufactuered goodss
-system of manufacturing= machinery did work |
| Cult of Domesticity | -removed women from the real world
-2 spheres: women at home and men in buisness/ politics
-more education, less children
women learned to become more educated (had more time to read an d write |
| Mormonism | -poligomy
-started in New York
-Teachings were offensive to non mormons
-utah= center of religion
-moved to utah after smith was killed
Joseph smith= founder of the religion |
| poligamy | multiple wives |
| positives an dnegatives of annexation of texas | positives- good cheap land& people could move west
Negatives- drove states apart because slavery |
| outcome of the mexican war | -santa fe trail
-texas
-new mexico
-pacific ocean |
| sectionalism | souther economy was based on slavery
-north thought south was favored
-north= more litterate ( 6% illiterate)
south= more illiterate
north= industrial south=farming |
| oregon territory | -important for fur trase
-modern day orgeon, idaho, washington, and british columbia |
| intolerable acts | colonial label for the coercive acts |
| The federalist | a series of pro - constitution articles printed in NY be Jay, Madison, and Hamilton |
| William Patterson | led the argument for small states fromm NJ |
| Daniel Shays | -indirectly helped create the sucess in Philadelphia where they failed in ANnapolis |
| Judicial Branch | -chosen by electors
-includes federal court system
-interprets laws for consitutionality |
| Executive branch | power to veto leg |
| Legisative branch | elastic clause |
