| Question | Answer |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Founded psychology. |
| Abraham Maslow | Founder of humanism |
| Phineas Gage | Lived after getting a steel rod go through his head. |
| Carl Rogers | Founder of humanism |
| John Watson | Proposed behaviorism and demonstrated that phobias are learned. |
| Ivan Pavlov | Worked with dogs to prove involuntary reactions are normal. |
| B. F. Skinner | Introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism. |
| Sigmund Freud | Childhood experiences are important and believed personality developed the first 6 years of life. |
| Behavioral Perspective | Focus on operant conditioning, punishment, and reinforcement |
| Humanistic Perspective | Free will. Self-acutalization |
| Cognitive Perspective | Memory, intelligence, perception, learning, etc |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | Modern psychoanalyis |
| Sociocultural Perspective | Relationship between social behavior and culture |
| Biopsychological Perspective | Behavior to biological events. |
| Evolutionary Perspective | Biological bases of mental character that all humans share. (Fight or flight) |
| Case Study | Tremendous amounts of detail given but cannot apply to others. |
| Surveys | data from large numbers of people. Have to ensure representative sample. Courtesy bias. |
| Naturalistic Observation | realistic but observer effect, observer bias, observations may not hold across settings. |
| Laboratory Observation | control over environment and allows use of specialized equipment. but may result in artificial behavior |
| Experiment | to determine cause-and-effect relationships |
| Four major goals of psychology | description, explanation, prediction, and control |
| Description | What is happening? |
| Explanation | Why is it happening?
General explanation of a set of observations or facts |
| Prediction | Will it happen again? |
| Control | How can it be changed? |
| Psychology | Scientific study of behavior |
| Positive Correlation | Variables related in same direction |
| Negative Correlation | Variables related in opposite direction |
| Operational Definition | definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured |
| representative sample | randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects |
| 3 subfields of psychology | clinical, counseling, development |
| psychologist | PH.D., academic training |
| psychiatrist | M.D. or D.O., specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. |
| psychoanalyst | Therapy based on Sigmund Freud |
| psychiatric social worker | Masters degree, trained in social work,focus in environmental conditions that impact a person. |
| Structuralism | The focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. |
| Functionalism | The focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play. |
| Gestalt Psychology | Focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures. |
| Psychoanalysis | The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud |
| Axon | Tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells |
| Dendrites | branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons |
| Soma | the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell |
| Receptor Sites | 3D proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands. |
| Myelin | Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell |
| Synaptic Vesicles | saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals |
| GABA | Major inhibitory neurotransmitter, involved in sleep and inhibits movement |
| Dopamine | excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure |
| Serotonin | excitatory or inhibitory; involved in mood, sleep, and appetite |
| Reuptake | process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles |
| Nerve | bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body |
| Glial Cells | cell that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neuron, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons. |
| Basic types of neurons | afferent, efferent, interneurons |
| neuroplasticity | The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma. |
| Autonomic | division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands |
| Somatic | division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body |
| Sympathetic | Responsible for fight or flight events |
| Parasympathetic | responsible for normal body functions |
| EEG | recording of electrical activity of cortical neurons just below skull |
| PET | brain-imaging method with radioactive sugar. color-coded images of brain |
| CT | using computer-controlled x-rays of the brain |
| MRI | using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images |
| fMRI | mri-based. allows for functional examination of brain areas through change in brain oxygenation. |
| What brain structures make up the hindbrain? | medulla, pons, retucular formation, and cerebellum |
| Cerebellum | controls balance and maintains muscle coordination |
| Cerebral Cortex | control completes though processes |
| Hippocampus | plays a role in our learning, memory, and ability to compare sensory information to expections |
| Amygdala | fear responses and memory of fear |
| Corpus Callosum | connects the left and right hemispheres |
| Medulla | controls life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, and swallowing |
| Hypothalmus | fear, thirst, sex drive, and aggression |
| What are the four lobes of the brain? | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital |
| Broca's aphasia | unable to speak fluently and mispronounce words |
| Wernicke's aphasia | unable to understand or pronounce language |
| spatial negelect | damage to right hemisphere in parietal lobe. cannot recognize things on the left |
| Adrenal | on top of the kidneys, deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and secondary source of sex hormones |
| Thyroid | regulates metabolism |
| Pancreas | controls blood sugar levels |
| Gonads | sex glands |
| Pituitary | in brain. human growth hormone and other hormones. |
| Left hemisphere | controls right hand, written and verbal language, math, reading |
| Right Hemipshere | controls left hand, music and art, pattern and facial recognition, emotions |
| Classical Conditioning | learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus |
| Stimulus generalization | tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response |
| Stimulus discrimination | tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction | the disappearance of a learned response |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance of a learned response after extinction |
| High-order conditioning | occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus |
| Conditioned emotional response | emotional response to a learned stimuli |
| Vicarious conditioning | classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. |
| conditioned taste aversion | development of nausea or aversive response to a particular taste. |
| biological preparedness | the tendency of animals to learn certain associations with certain foods |
| Stimulus substitution | classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus |
| cognitive perspective | classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides info |
| Operant conditioning | the learning of voluntary behavior |
| Law of effect | law stating that if and action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated |
| Operant | any behavior that is voluntary |
| Reinforcement | any stimulus that increases probability that the response will occur again |
| Reinforcers | event or object that increase the likelihood of that response occuring again |
| Primary reinforcer | any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting basic biological needs. |
| Secondary reinforcer | after being paired with primary reinforcer becomes reinforcing |
| Partial reinforcement effect | the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some correct responses to be very resistant to extinction |
| Continuous reinforcement | the reinforcement of each and every correct response |
| discriminative stimulus | provides an organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement |
| successive approximations | small steps in behavior that lead to a particular goal behavior |
| instinctive drift | tendency for an animals behavior to revert to genetically controlled paters |
| behavior modification | the use of operant conditioning to bring about desired changes in behavior |
| token economy | rewarded with tokens |
| applied behavior analysis | uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response |
| biofeedback | use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses |
| neurofeedback | using brain-scanning to proved feedback in effort to modify behavior |
| latent learning | learning that remains hidden until application is useful |
| insight | aha moment |
| learned helplessness | depression learned |
| observational learning | learning new behavior by watching a model |
| learning/performance distinction | observing can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior |
