| Question | Answer |
| Yellow/Green Sputum | Bacterial |
| White/clear | Viral |
| Red/rust | CA, pneumonia, TB |
| Red currant jelly | Klebsiella pneumonia |
| pink, frothy | Pulmonary edema |
| Hemoptysis | bloody sputum; could be ca, tb, bronchitis, PE, etc |
| Muscles of inspiration | diaphragm, external intercostals |
| muscles of expiration | diaphragm, internal intercostals |
| accessory muscles of respiration | Sternocleidomastoid
scalens
trapezius |
| Pain fibers in lungs | visceral pleura |
| Tracheobronchial tree | division of the mainstem bronchi at around T4 |
| Bronchus more prone to foreign body aspiration | Right mainstem;
it is wider, shorter and straighter |
| Respiration regulation | Primarily by CO2 levels (both rate and depth) |
| Chest pain not cardiac when: (5) | constant ache lasting all day
pain stays in one location
made worse with pressure on the precordium
very short, sharp pain lasting 1-2 seconds
Located in the shoulders or between the scapula in the back |
| Pack years | Number of years smoking X number of packs/day |
| Pectus excavatum | hollowed chest |
| Pectus Carinatum | Pigeon chest (puffed out) |
| Adult respiratory rate | 12-20 |
| Tachypnea | respirations over 20 |
| bradypnea | respirations under 12 |
| Retractions | inward deviation of musculature and skin to overcome obstruction when intrapleural pressure becomes increasingly negative |
| Paradoxical breathing | thorax draws inward during inspiration
thorax moves outward on expiration |
| Dyspnea | difficult or labored breathing with shortness of breath |
| hypernea | hyperventilation (abnormally deep resipirations) |
| hyponea | abnormally shallow respirations |
| orthopnea | shortness of breath when lying down |
| platypnea | SOB when sitting upright |
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dypsnea | sudden SOB after a period of sleep. PND is usually helped by sitting up. (ask how many pillows) |
| Kussmaul | deep/rapid
associated with DKA |
| Cheyne-Stokes | Regular periodic patter of breathign with intervals of apnea followed by crescendo/decrescendo sequences |
| biot | irregular respirations varrying in depth with intervals of apnea
no repetitive pattern |
| ataxic | more severe form of biot |
| cyanosis | bluish coloration of the skin
often seen around lips and nails
caused by inadequate oxygenation of tissue |
| Crackles | aka rales
brief, intermittent and nonmusical. heard mostly on inspiration |
| wheeze | continuous, high-pitched, musical
loudest in inspiration |
| rhonchi | deeper, rumbling, and more pronounced during expiration than crackles |
| friction rub | outside respiratory tree, dry cracky, grating, low pitched.
both inspiration and expiration |
| Apnea | absence of spontaneous respiration |
| crepitus | crackly or crinkly sensation
air in subcutaneous tissue |
| Bronchophony | vocal resonance test
greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken words (whisper heard clearly) |
| Egophony | intensity of spoken voice increased with nasal quality (e's -> a's) |
| Thorax of infants and small children | thinner, rounder chest
allows for bronchovesicular breath sounds to be heard thru the chest |
| Diaphragmatic Excursion | measure hwo much the diaphragm moves between inspiration and expiration
usually between 3-6 cm |
| Breathing in Pregnancy | ventilation is increased by breathing more deeply, NOT more frequently |
| Thorax in older adults | dorsal curve of spine more emphasized and tire more quickly |
| Pleural effusion | excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity |
