| Question | Answer |
| Metabolism | All chemical reactions within a living
organism |
| All chemical reactions within a living
organism effects the cell by: | –Growth
–Reproduction
–Maintain structures
–Respond to the environment |
| Catabolism_____ energy. | releases energy |
| Breaking down of complex chemicals
into simple ones (degradative reaction | Catabolism |
| Anabolism_______) energy. | stores |
| Building up complex chemicals from
simple ones (biosynthetic reaction) | Anabolism_ |
| Drive all biological processes | enzymes |
| Mostly proteins (a few are RNA) that
accelerate (catalyze) chemical
reactions | enzymes |
| Enzyme structure: | 3D-shape unique to a specific enzyme |
| The Lock and key concept of an enzyme: | Flexible complementary geometric
shapes that fit into one another |
| Enzymes mechanisms__________________________. | Speed up chemical reactions under
physiological conditions |
| Lower activation energy includes: | Increase frequency of collision
• Orient molecules
• Shield opposite charges on substrates
• Break chemical bonds
• Form new chemical bond |
| Substance that the enzyme acts on | Enzyme substrate |
| Enzyme does not change during reaction (it
is not consumed) T/F | True |
| Reactions occur up to 10 billion times faster
than without enzyme ?T/F | True |
| Production of carbonic acid in the cell
Without enzyme? | 200 molecules/hour |
| Production of carbonic acid in the cell with an enzyme with the enzyme carbonic anhydrase ? | • 600,000 molecules/sec |
| Most enzymes consist of a ? | a protein and a cofactor |
| The Protein portion of an enzyme is called a? | Apoenzyme |
| Nonprotein portion for an enzyme is called? | cofactor |
| The Nonprotein portion cofactor and be i_________ or o______. | inorganic or organic |
| Organic nonprotein portion cofactor consist of: | coenzymens |
| Inorganic nonprotein portion cofactor consist of: | metals |
| Apoenzyme + Cofactor = | Holoenzyme |
| many are derived from
vitamins | Cofactor |
| small molecules, not an structural
part of the enzyme | coenzymes |
| Coenzymes function as: | Electron carriers/transfer
Usually interact briefly with enzyme
(organic) |
| An example of a coenzyme is N__+ | NAD+ |
| Factors that influencing enzymatic
activity are: | • Temperature
• pH
• Inhibitors |
| Protein denaturing agents are can be P______or C_____. | Physical
Chemical |
| Inhibitors include | Heavy-metal ions (lead, arsenic, mercury, etc.)
– Chemicals structurally similar to substrate (competitive
inhibition)
– Protein denaturing agents
• Physical
• Chemical |
| Enzyme inhibitors Competitive: | Substances similar to substrate and bind to active site |
| Example of Enzyme Competition is (PABA)________________ | Sulfanilamide – para-amino benzoic acid |
| Inorganic cofactors are a p_________component of the enzyme | Permanent component of the enzyme |
| Metal ions (Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn, Ca, Co, etc) are examples of : | inorganic cofactors |
| Bridge between substrate and enzyme | inorganic cofactor |
| Enzyme inhibitors that are non competitive and that tie up cofactor metals Example C______ binds to Fe- | Cyanide binds strongly to Fe –Inhibits the enzyme cytochrome C oxidase which needs Fe as a cofactor |
| Cyanide binds strongly to Fe –Inhibits the enzyme: | cytochrome c oxidase |
| In allosteric inhibition the enzyme: | it is a Normal regulatory physiological process – andthe End product binds to allosteric site changing its shape |
| Ribozymes are: | are non protein enzymes |
| Ribozymes are made of r___ and act on r___ s__________. | –Made of RNA andAct on RNA substrates |
| Removes segments from RNA (introns) –Splices remaining pieces and Renders mRNA | Ribozymes |
| Energy Production of eukaryotes occurs in the : | Cytoplasm and mitochondria |
| Energy Production of bacteria cells occur in the: | Cytoplasm and plasma membrane |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | ATP breaks down to ADP and inorganic phosphate • Release of high amounts of energy |
| Other high energy molecules (coenzymes)________________ | Transfer energy (electrons) among molecules |
| Temporary electron acceptors-donors are | •NAD, FAD |
| The oxidation form of the electron acceptos- donors are: | NAD+, AND FAD+ |
| The reduction from of the electron acceptors-donors are | NADH+ and FADH+ |
| What happens during oxidation-reduction (Redox reactions) ? | Transfer of electrons (e–) from one molecule to another molecule occur |
| The carriers of e–in biological reactions are: | Coenzymes (cofactors) |
| Highly reduced compounds (many C-H bonds) are: | are high in energy (sugars, fats) |
| Highly oxidized compounds (few or no CH bonds) | are low in energy |
| The two Energy metabolisms are: | Respiration and or Fermentation |
| In respiration the final electron acceptor is an | inorganic molecule 02 |
| In fermentation the final electron acceptor is: | an organic molecule (pyrvic acid or a molecule that deprives from it) |
| The steps of respiration include: | • Glycolysis • Krebs cycle • Electron transport chain (system) –Final electron acceptor • Inorganic molecule (i.e. oxygen |
| The steps of Fermentation include: | Glycolysis • Reduction of pyruvic acid • Final electron acceptor –Organic molecule (pyruvic acid or a molecule derived from it) |
| In eukaryotes respiration and fermentation occur in the : | cytoplasm |
| L___________and P___________may be the source of electrons for glycolysis, respiration and fermentation | Lipids and Protiens |
| Fermentation | Degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (pyruvic acid from glycolysis) –Internal acceptor |
