| Question | Answer |
| scientific method | Title, statement of problem, hypothesis, procedure, data, conclusion |
| dependent variable vs. independent variable | Dependent variable- What we measure.
What has changed because of the
independent variable.
Independent variable- What we are
testing. (What we add or take away.) |
| Accept/Reject Hypothesis | - Accept hypothesis after experiment if data proves hypothesis true.
- Reject hypothesis after experiment if data proves hypothesis false. |
| What are protons, neutrons, and electrons? | Electron- negative charge, surrounds nucleus
Neutron- no charge (neutral), in nucleus
Proton- positive charge, in nucleus.
Protons = atomic number,
# protons + # neutrons = atomic mass |
| How many electrons can be in the first energy level? The second? The third? | 2, 8, 8
18 total spots |
| Carbohydrates: what is glucose? | Monosaccharide. Glucose is commonly found in blood of animals; energy source to cells. |
| Carbohydrates: what is fructose? | Monosaccharide: Fructose is commonly found in fruit. |
| Carbohydrates: what is sucrose? | -Disaccharides: Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose and is transported within plants. |
| Carbohydrates: what are monosaccharides? | Monosaccharides are simple sugars with a carbon backbone.
include glucose, fructose |
| Carbohydrates: what are disaccharides? | Contain 2 joined monosaccharides
- Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose and is transported within plants. |
| Carbohydrates: what are polysaccharides? | Polysaccharides are chains of glucose molecules or modified glucose molecules
- Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. |
| Carbohydrates: what is starch? | Polysaccharides: Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. |
| Lipid | Large molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with some oxygen.
Examples = Fats, oils, waxes
- Insoluble in water because their molecules are nonpolar and not attracted by water molecules. |
| Protein: what are they made up of? | Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. |
| Protein: what are the basic building blocks of proteins? | amino acids. 20 common amino acids that can make thousands of proteins |
| Protein: examples in the body | Structural proteins include keratin, which makes up hair and nails, and collagen fibers, which support many organs. |
| Protein: enzymes | - Enzymes are proteins that act as organic catalysts to speed chemical reactions within cells. |
| Protein: insulin | - Insulin protein is a hormone that regulates glucose content of blood. |
| Protein: peptide bonds | - Peptide bonds are covalent bonds formed between amino acids |
| Nucleic Acids: what are they and what are they made up of? | - A nucleic acid = a complex biomolecule that stores cellular info in the form of a code
- They are polymers made of smaller subunits called nucleotides |
| Nucleic Acids: how are they arranged? | - Arranged in 3 groups:
nitrogen base, simple sugar, phosphate group |
| Nucleic Acids: example | Example = DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that contains the instructions to form all of an organism’s proteins! |
| What are the four organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| Cohesion vs Adhesion? | Cohesion: Attracted to itself
Adhesion: Attracted to other materials |
| Enzymes: | -Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
- Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
- REUSABLE
- Most are proteins
- Enzymes are denatured by temperature or pH
- Enzymes are used all over my body. |
| Prokaryote: | A. cells are less complex, B. Unicellular, C. no nucleus & no membrane-bound organelles, D. Cell wall surrounding cell membrane & single, looped chromosome (genetic material) in cytoplasm, E. Bacteria
(There is no organelles that just Prokaryotes have.) |
| Eukaryote: | A. More complex cells
B. Includes unicellular & multicellular organisms
C. Have a true nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
E. Eukaryotes include plant cells, animal cells, fungi, algae, & protists |
| What are organelles? | Organelles are internal structures in cell’s that perform specific functions (especially in Eukaryotes) |
| Characteristics of Living things: | Organism must have ALL EIGHT characteristics!
- made up of one or more cells. - displays organization. - grows and develops. - reproduces. - responds to stimuli. - requires energy. - maintains homeostasis. - adaptations evolve over time. |
| Difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory | A hypothesis is an educated guess that could be found right or wrong after testing. A scientific theory is a hypothesis that was verified as true after study, and is a scientifically accepted fact that could still be proven wrong. |
| What is homeostasis? Examples? | Maintaining homeostasis is a characteristic of life. It means to regulate the body’s conditions so that it stays steady and has equilibrium. Ex. regulating body temperature by sweating |
| Abiotic factors: | nonliving parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the ecosystems functioning.
Ex. rain, pollution, pH, soil, sunlight |
| BIotic factors: | Biotic: living parts of the ecosystem
Ex. predation, disease, parasites, plants |
| What is a molecule? | a group of organisms bonded together |
| What is an ion? | an atom or molecule with a charge, because the number of electrons is not equal to the number of protons. |
| Covalent bond: | When two atoms bond by sharing electrons. |
| Ionic bond: | Ionic---When two atoms that have opposite charges (+/-) bond due to this attraction. Atoms that have charges are known as ions. |
| Polar bond: | when atoms form covalent bonds and they do not share the electrons equally. |
| Characteristics of Water: | - Water is a polar molecule; it has a positive end and a negative end
- This makes water attract other water molecules.
- Cohesive and adhesive |
| What is selectively permeable? | function of the cell membrane that lets certain things pass through the membrane by diffusion in active transport but keeps other things out |
| Cell membrane: what it's made of and its characteristics | Phospholipids and proteins. |
| What does it mean to have a phospholipid bilayer? | This makes the cell membrane selectively permeable. 1 negative polar hydrophilic head, 2 hydrophobic nonpolar tails |
| Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell: | Just Plant Cell: Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Plastid
Just Animal Cell: Centriole, Cilia, Flagella |
