| Question | Answer |
| What are cells? | living structural and functional units enclosed by a membrane |
| what are the 3 main parts to a cell? | 1. Plasma Membrane, 2. Cytoplasm, 3. Nucleus |
| What is cell division? | Where one cell divides into two identical cells |
| Anything ending in "OMA" means | Tumor of |
| The phases of Mitosis are: | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| "Verrucae"is: | A wart. If it's on the foot, it is called "Plantaris". If it's on the hand, it is called "Palmaris". |
| Mitochondria is what? | Power house of the cell. |
| tRNA (Transfer RNA) | Binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation. One end of the tRNA carries a specific amino acid, and the opposite end consists of a triplet of nucleotides called an anticodon. |
| rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) | Joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes |
| mRNA (Messenger RNA) | Directs the synthesis of a protein |
| Organelles | Specialized structures with the cell that have characteristic shapes; they perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction. |
| Mitosis | The distribution of two sets of chromosomes into two separate nuclei. The process results in the exact partitioning of genetic information. |
| Carsinoma | Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells. |
| Translation | The nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Ribosomes in the cytoplasm carry out translation. |
| Transcription | Copy information into a complementary sequence of codons. |
| Endocytosis | The cell will invaginate and take in what is trying to get in |
| Exocytosis | A substance trying to get out of a cell |
| Transcytosis | When something travel across the cell |
| Ligand | to tie |
| Phagocyte | White blood cell |
| Red blood cell | No nucleus |
| Kinase | Phosphorylation |
| Amphipathic | molecules that have both polar and non-polar parts |
| Genes | Hereditary units that control most aspects of cellular structure and function |
| plasma membrane | A flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell. |
| Lipid bilayer | two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules: phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids. |
| Phospholipids | Contain phosphorus and take up 75% of the membrane lipids |
| Cholesterol | a steroid with an attached -OH (hydroxyl) group |
| Glycolipids | lipids with attached carbohydrate groups |
| Integral proteins | Extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it |
| Transmembrane proteins | Span the entire lipid bilayer and protrude into both the cytosol and Extracellular fluid |
| Peripheral proteins | They are not firmly embedded into the membrane. they associate more loosely with the polar heads of membrane lipids. |
| Glycoproteins | Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid. |
| Osteoma | cancer of a bone |
| Apotosis | dropping of something |
| Telomeres | tips of chromosomes |
| Gliaoma | Cancer of the brain |
| Astrocytoma's | Tumor of the brain |
| Geneome | total number of genes in your body (approx. 30K) |
| Proteome | Total number of proteins in your body (approx. 1 million) |
| codon | 3 (triplets) |
| Osmosis | A type of diffusion in which there is net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Lysosome functions | Fuses with and digests contents of endosomes, pinocytic vesicles, and phagosomes. Transports final products of digestion into cytosol; digests worn-out organelles, entire cells, and extracellular materials. |
| Golgi Apparatus (complex) | Consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae; structurally and functionally divided into entry face, medial cisternae, and exit face |
| Pharmacology | science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease |
| Osteogenic Sarcoma | The most frequent type of childhood cancer, destroys the bone tissue |
| Metastasis | The spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body |
| Mutations | Permanent changes in the DNA base sequence of a gene |
| Oncology | The study of tumors |
| Autolysis | responsible for tissue deterioration after death |
| Mythymine | AUG. Always the first one in Amino Acids |
| Ligand | A specific molecule that binds to a receptor |
| Electrochemical gradient | The combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion |
| Histones | eight yellow protein balls together. help organize the coiling and folding of DNA |
| A, B, C, D | Asymetrical, Border irregulary, coloration, diatmeter |
| Apotosis | an orderly, genetically programmed death |
| Telomeres | DNA sequence found only at the tips of each chromosome |
| Nucleosome | Made up of DNA |
| Nuclei | Made up of DNA, RNA, and proteins |
| Werner Syndrome | A rare, inherited disease that causes a rapid acceleration of aging, usually while a person is in their 20's. Symptoms are wrinkling of the skin, graying of the hair and baldness, cataracts, and muscular atrophy. Most afflicted people die before 50. |
| Progeria | A disease characterized by normal development in the first year of life followed by rapid aging. It is cause by a genetic defect in which telomers are considerably shorter than normal. Symptoms include dry/wrinkled skin, baldness. dies around age 13. |
| Tumor Markers | A substance introduced into circulation by tumor cells that indicates the presence of a tumor, as well as the specific type. |
| Metaplasia | The transformation of one type of cell into another |
| Hypertrophy | Increase in the size of cells without cell division |
| Hyperplasia | Increase in the number of cells of a tissue due to an increase in the frequency of cell division |
| Dysplasia | Alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to neoplasia or revert to normal if the irritation is removed |
| Atrophy | A decrease in the size of cells, with a subsequent decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away. |
| Anaplasia | The loss of tissue differentation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies. |
| Epidemiology | The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in a human community |
| Oncogenes | when inappropriately activated, it has the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell. |
| Carcinogen | A chemical agent or radiation that produces cancer |
| Osteoma | Cancer of a bone |
| Benign Tumor | A neoplasm that does not metastasize |
| Lymphoma | A malignant disease of lymphatic tissue |
| Leukemia | Cancer of blood-forming organs characterized by rapid growth of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) |
| Sarcoma | A general term for any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissue |
| Melanomas | Cancerous growths of melanocytes, skin epithelial cells that produce the pigment melanin. |
| Membrane potential | when a difference in electrical charges between two regions constitutes an electrical gradient, occurring across the plasma membrane. |
