| Question | Answer |
| Wundt | made phsychology an independant field, used scientific approach |
| Hall | America's first psych research lab, psych journal, founded the APA |
| Titchener | structuralism, analyse structure of consciousness |
| Jame | functionalism, analyse function of consciousness, using darwinist approach |
| calkin | first female apa pres |
| washburn | wrote "the animal mind" first female psych phd |
| hollingworth | studied children psychology, studied women, proved them equal |
| Watson | behaviorism, only study observable behavior. Nurture, not nature |
| Skinner | most hardcore on nature instead of nurture--people repeat actions with positive outcomes. No free will. |
| Humanism | attacked freud and behaviorism. Focused on free will, growth, optimistic view of human nature. |
| cognitive psychology | returns to studying unobservable thoughts in peoples' minds |
| biological psychology | focuses on studying peoples brains and the chemical and electrical processes within them. |
| Evolutionary psychology | focuses on adaptive nature of behaviors, takes natural selection into account. |
| Seven unifying themes of psychology | Psychology is empirical; Psychology is theoretically diverse; It evolves in sociohistorical context; Behavior is determined by multiple causes; behavior is shaped by cultural heritage; heredity and environment influence behavior; experience is subjective |
| Application | practical value of scientific knowledge |
| operational definition | defines a variable very specifically so it can be used correctly |
| Extraneous variables | influential variables other than the dependant variable |
| descriptive/correlational research | not an experiment |
| naturalistic observation | just observe |
| case study | observe one thing in detail |
| APA guidelines for research | voluntary participation; can't endanger subjects; tell decieved people asap; right to privacy; justify harming animals; get approval from host institution. |
| descriptive statistics | mean, median, mode |
| correlation coefficient | measure of how related two variables are. 1 or -1 is strongest. 0 is weakest |
| sampling bias | sample is not representative |
| placebo effect | expectations create results |
| social desirability bias | say socially acceptable answers |
| response set | people who respond are not representative |
| experimenter bias | when the experimenter makes something happen. |
| inferential statistics | statistics that describe how good the data is. |
| statistical significance | the possibility that the correlation is due to chance (p-value) |
| Wundt | made phsychology an independant field, used scientific approach |
| Hall | America's first psych research lab, psych journal, founded the APA |
| Titchener | structuralism, analyse structure of consciousness |
| Jame | functionalism, analyse function of consciousness, using darwinist approach |
| calkin | first female apa pres |
| washburn | wrote "the animal mind" first female psych phd |
| hollingworth | studied children psychology, studied women, proved them equal |
| Watson | behaviorism, only study observable behavior. Nurture, not nature |
| Skinner | most hardcore on nature instead of nurture--people repeat actions with positive outcomes. No free will. |
| Humanism | attacked freud and behaviorism. Focused on free will, growth, optimistic view of human nature. |
| cognitive psychology | returns to studying unobservable thoughts in peoples' minds |
| biological psychology | focuses on studying peoples brains and the chemical and electrical processes within them. |
| Evolutionary psychology | focuses on adaptive nature of behaviors, takes natural selection into account. |
| Seven unifying themes of psychology | Psychology is empirical; Psychology is theoretically diverse; It evolves in sociohistorical context; Behavior is determined by multiple causes; behavior is shaped by cultural heritage; heredity and environment influence behavior; experience is subjective |
| Application | practical value of scientific knowledge |
| operational definition | defines a variable very specifically so it can be used correctly |
| Extraneous variables | influential variables other than the dependant variable |
| descriptive/correlational research | not an experiment |
| naturalistic observation | just observe |
| case study | observe one thing in detail |
| APA guidelines for research | voluntary participation; can't endanger subjects; tell decieved people asap; right to privacy; justify harming animals; get approval from host institution. |
| descriptive statistics | mean, median, mode |
| correlation coefficient | measure of how related two variables are. 1 or -1 is strongest. 0 is weakest |
| sampling bias | sample is not representative |
| placebo effect | expectations create results |
| social desirability bias | say socially acceptable answers |
| response set | people who respond are not representative |
| experimenter bias | when the experimenter makes something happen. |
| inferential statistics | statistics that describe how good the data is. |
| statistical significance | the possibility that the correlation is due to chance (p-value) |
| null hypothesis | the assumption that there is no relationship between the variables. |
| neuronal transmission | neuron is negatively charged. stimulated, it lets in NA+, becomes positive, stimulates the next one. |
| somatic nervous system | connects to voluntary skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | hear, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands. Sympathetic=fight or flight; parasympathetic=homeostasis. |
| Hindbrain | circulation, breathing, reflexes, balance--cerebellum. |
| Midbrain | senses, voluntary movements |
| Forebrain | thalamus--biological drives; limbic system--emotion; hippocampus--memory; cerebrum--complex thought. |
| four lobes of cerebral cortex | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
| endocrine system | hypothalamus, stimulated by pituitary, secrets hormones into bloodstream |
| four possible outcomes in signal detection theory | hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection |
| criterion | how sure you have to be to call a hit |
| noise | background activity |
| detectibility | probability of detection |
| hearing | pinna=outer ear->middle ear=small, vibrating bone->inner ear=cochlea=fluid filled coil w/ receptors that transmit to brain |
| transduction | changing physical energy into electric neural signals |
| tastes | sweet, sour, bitter, salty |
| thalamus | all senses go through this and on to their cortexes except for smell |
| feelings | pressure, warmth, cold, and pain |
| purity (color) | saturation |
| rods | outnumber cones, see at night |
| cones | fewer, see color |
| perceptual set | predisposition to see what you expect or want |
| inattentional blindness | you don't see what you're not focused on |
| feature analysis | takes the basic parts of what you're seeing and puts them into an advanced form. |
| subjective contours | "writes" things into your vision so you see what you expect. |
| retinal disparity | we see different images in right and left retinas--binocular depth cue |
| convergence | feel our eyes converging on closer things--binocular depth cue |
| monocular depth cues (THRILL) | Texture gradient; Height in plane; relative size; interposition; linear perspective; light and shadow; |
| size constancy | the ability to determine the true size of something despite its vision field |
| shape constancy | the ability to percieve the true shape of something despite angles we're looking at it from. |
