| Term | Definition |
| Water | 75% |
| Protein | 18.5% (less variable) |
| Lipids | 3% (most variable) |
| Non-protein Nitrogen | 1.5%
DNA, RNA, ADP, ATP, Peptides |
| Carbohydrate | 1% (mainly glycogen) |
| Inorganic (Ash) | 1% |
| Bound Water | Very tightly bound water, no change in amount |
| Immobilized Water | Water movement is restricted, amount decreases with rigor |
| Free Water | Water restriction, amount increases with rigor |
| High levels of bound water are associated | With high pH values and DFD (dark, firm, dry) meat |
| Immobilized water is associated with | Juiciness of the meat, this is the available water |
| Free water is associated with | Low pH value near the isoelectric point
Purge and PSE (Pale, Soft, E) |
| Primary Protein Structure | The order of amino acids bonded by peptide bonds |
| Secondary Protein Structure | The alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet structures |
| Tertiary Protein Structure | The interactions between R-groups of the amino acids |
| Quaternary Protein Structure | The interactions between different subunits of the multi-subunit protein |
| Glycine | The most abundant amino acid in the body |
| Collagen | Most abundant protein in the body
(Glycine-X-Y) repeat |
| Essential Amino Acids | Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine (for children)
Alanine
Leucine
Lysine |
| Myofibrillar (Salt Soluble) | Contractile
Cytoskeletal/Structural
Regulatory |
| Contractile | Actin (Thin Filament)
Myosin (Thick Filament) |
| Cytoskeletal/Structural | Titin
Nebulin
Desmin
M Protein
C Protein
Alpha-Actinin
Beta-Actinin |
| Regulatory | Tropomyosin
Troponin |
| Troponin | Tropomyosin
Inhibitory
Calcium |
| Sarcoplasmic (Water-Soluble) | Myoglobin
Hemoglobin |
| Stromal (Insoluble) | Collagen
Elastin
Reticulin |
| Triglycerides | 3 Fatty Acids
1 Glycerol Backbone
Held together by ester bonds |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | No double bonds, "hard fats" |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | One or more double bonds between carbons in the fatty acid chains |
| Monounsaturated Fatty Acid | 1 double bond |
| Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid | More than 1 double bond |
| Omega Fatty Acids | Named denote double bonds from the ends of the fatty acid chains (Omega 3/6/etc.) |
| Phospholipids | Can be saturated or unsaturated, fatty acids contain a phosphate group |
| Palmitic Acid | 16 C: 0 DB
Animal Fats |
| Stearic Acid | 18 C: 0 DB
Animal Fats |
| Oleic Acid | 18 C: 1 DB
Animal Fats
Most prevalent in the animal body |
| Linoleic Acid | 18 C: 2 DB
Grape Seed Oil |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| RNA | Ribonucleic Acid |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| ADP | Adenosine Diphosphate |
| Creatine Phosphate | Used to add a phosphate group to ADP turning it into ATP
Also essential for muscle contraction and relaxation |
| Carbohydrates | Mainly in the form of glycogen when referring to muscle
Stored in the muscle with the greatest concentration in the liver |
| B-Complex Minerals (Water Soluble) | B1: Thiamin
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin
B5: Pantothenic Acid
B6: Pyridoxine
B7: Biotin
B9: Folic Acid
B12: Cobalamin
Vitamin C |
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | A, D, E, and K |
| Minerals | Iron (about 50% is heme iron)
Copper
Zinc
Magnesium |
| Oxygen | The most abundant element in the body |
