| Question | Answer |
| Used introspection (people reporting their thoughts)
Introspection led to the scientific method
Wundt mapped out the structure of the thought processes
Historical approach | Structuralist: (Wilhelm Wundt) |
| Believe that all activities of the mind serve one major function (helping us survive)
James focused on the functions or actions of the conscious mind and the goal or purposes of behaviors.
Historical approach | Functionalist: (William James) |
| Structuralist vs. Functionalist: | One focuses on structure and other focuses on function |
| Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka
They looked at the mind as a whole, not its separate parts.
Historical approach | Gestalt psychology: |
| Used free association (a patient said anything that came to mind)
He believed that free association revealed the unconscious processes, also believed dreams were the operation of unconscious urges. | Psychoanalyst: (sigmund freud) |
| Believed that psychology should only concern itself with observable facts of behavior
Believed that all behavior was the result of your environment | Behaviorist: (Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner) |
| Developed in reaction to behavioral psychology
Does not believe humans are controlled by events in their environment
everybody has the ability to develop fully no matter what their environment looks like | Humanist: (Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers) |
| Humanity does not view people as being controlled by their environment or unconscious forces. | Humanistic vs. behaviorism and psychoanalysis: |
| Focuses on how brain activity (processing, storing, receiving, and using information) influences thinking, language, problem-solving, and creativity
behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes (perceptions, memories, and expectations) | Cognitivists: (Jean Piaget) |
| Study how the brain, nervous system, hormones, genetics influence our behavior.
Focuses on how the science of our body affects our behavior.
Believing behavior is a result of our physiological makeup. | Psychobiologists: |
| Studies of knowledge and ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving are affected by our culture to which we belong. | Sociocultural Psychologists: |
| Said that the mind and body are separate entities, the brain is not the same as the mind.
suggested that the mind could be an object of study in its own right | Descartes |
| Came up with the idea of introspection
Introspection- in controlled situation, participants reported their thoughts, and wundt mapped out the structure of thought processes (method of self- observation)
Set up first psychology lab in Germany | Wundt |
| Studied inheritable traits
He believed that heredity, along with environment, influences intelligence. | Galton |
| “Father of psychology” in the US
Wrote first textbook of psychology, “The principles of psychology”
Did not experiment, just wrote his thoughts.
Functionalist | James: |
| Behaviorist
Popularized the concept of changing behaviors through repeated rewards or punishments
In his novel “Walden two”, he portrayed the idea of a Utopia- a small town in which condition, through rewarding | Skinner |
| Psychoanalyst
Used free association
Free association- when a patient says everything that comes to mind- no matter how absurd- without attempting to produce logical statements. | Freud |
| Brain processes (thinking, reasoning, remembering) | Cognitive |
| Normal physical activities (breathing, eating, sleeping, etc.) | Physiological |
| Education guess about some phenomenon | Hypothesis |
| Complex explanation based on findings from a large # of experimental studies. | Theory |
| Research | Basic Science |
| Using psychological principles to solve more problems
Applying research to experiments to solve another problem | Applied Science |
| An experiment in which the participants are unaware of who received the treatment | Single Blind |
| An experiment in which neither the participants nor the experimenter know which participants received which treatment
There is a third party source who knows who received treatment | Double Blind |
| When a participant feels like a sickness is getting better because they thought they took the treatment, but in reality they did not. | Placebo effect: |
| When a researcher's expectation influence the participants behavior
This can cause a bias result
praise | Self-fulfilling prophecy: |
| People who have been trained to observe, analyze, and evaluate behavior | Psychologist |
| A speciality of medicine. | Psychiatry |
| shock experiment -
1000 males, college students and adults in various occupations 3, researchers, teachers, students/learners 65% of the teacher pushed the button until the shocker reached maximum severity it pressued the code of ethics to be invented | Milgram Experiment: |
| Today, before the start of any experiment, the researcher is required to submit a plan to a Human subjects Committee that approves or rejects the ethics of the experiment.
Ethics are just moral principles | APA code of ethics: |
| Exact middle value | Median |
| An average of all the scores - Add all #s together and divide by total number of numbers | Mean |
| Measure of distance between scores | Standard deviation |
| Direction and strength between two sets of observations | Correlation |
