| Term | Definition |
| psychosocial theory
-who's theory?
-definition
-first 5 stage names | -Erikson's theory
-human development is driven by the need to become integrated into social and cultural environment
-trust vs. mistrust
-autonomy vs. shame & doubt
-initiative vs. guilt
-industry vs. inferiority
-identity vs. identity confusion |
| trust vs. mistrust
-age range
-define
-main challenge | -infancy
-if infant is loved and cared for, basic trust develops. if not well loved, child learns mistrust and to doubt
-establish bond w/ caregiver |
| autonomy vs. shame and doubt
-age range
-define
-main challenge | -toddlerhood
-sense of distinct self is developed. if allowed scope to make choices, then autonomy. excessive restraint = shame & doubt
-HEALTHY sense of distinct self |
| initiative vs. guilt
-age range
-define
-main challenge | -early childhood
-child becomes capable of planning activities. encouragement = initiative, discouragement = guilt
-initiate activities in purposeful way |
| industry vs. inferiority
-age range
-define
-main challenge | -middle childhood
-expand social worlds. if encouraged + taught well, then industry. if discouraged + unsuccessful in learning, then inferiority
-begin learning knowledge + skills of culture |
| identity vs. identity confusion
-age range
-define
-main challenge | -adolescence
-if develop awareness of who they are/their capacities/place in world, then identity. if not, identity confusion
-develop a secure, coherent identity |
| mental structure | way of thinking within a stage of development that is applied across all aspects of life |
| cognitive-developmental theories
-who pioneered?
-define | -Piaget
-focus of how development takes place in a sequence of distinct stages |
| maturation | concept that an innate, biologically based program is the driving force behind development |
| schemes | cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting info |
| social learning theory | argues that children imitate behavior they see performed by others who are rewarded or at least not punished |
| positive reinforcement | caregiver encourages (aims to increase) child's behavior by responding positively to it (ex: praise, reward) |
| negative reinforcement | caregiver encourages (aims to increase) child's behavior by removing something negative (ex: nagging, being grounded) |
| punishment | caregiver discourages (aims to decrease) child's behavior by imposing an unpleasant condition (ex: yelling, extra chores) |
| behaviorism | theory that regards infants as starting out from scratch and learning behaviors based on the responses or "conditioning" of those around them |
| behavior genetics | aims to identify the extent to which genes influence behavior, primarily by comparing persons who share different amounts of their genes |
| neuroscience | addresses how characteristics of the brain influence human thought and behavior; also how environmental factors shape brain development |
| ecological theory
-who's theory?
-definition + 5 system names | -Brofenbrenner
-human development is shaped by 5 interrelated systems in social environment
-microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem |
| microsystem | immediate environment, settings where people experience daily lives |
| mesosystem | interconnections between Microsystems |
| exosystem | societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development |
| macrosystem | broad system of cultural beliefs and values + governmental and economic systems built on those beliefs and values |
| chronosystem | changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time; respect to both individual development and history |
| developmental systems theories | address how individual development involves interactions between biology and diverse social contexts |
| cultural theories | theories that emphasize that culture shapes physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development |
| extended families | households that include not only parents and children but also other adult relatives |
| peers | persons who have some aspect of their status in common (ex: age) |
| child labor | work that interferes w/ children's school attendance + is harmful to their physical and mental development |
| diffusion | spread of products or people across space |
| digital natives | today's generation of children who have grown up w/ digital media since infancy |
| digital immigrants | people in generations who have only had digital media upon reaching adulthood |
| sensitive period | period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is especially pronounced |
| reciprocal (bidirectional) effects | in relations between two people, the principle that each of them affects the other |
