| Term | Definition |
| Study of Tissues | histology |
| Four Types of Tissues | -epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous |
| Epithelial Tissue | -covers body surfaces
-lines body cavities
-forms majority of glands |
| Epithelial Characteristics | -tight packed cells
-apical and basal surfaces
-selective barrier
-detects change
-nutrients diffuse through cells |
| Epithelial Functions | -physical protection (dehydration, abrasion)
-selective permeability (promotes passage of other molecules)
-secretions
-sensations |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | -rapid diffusion
-vessel walls
-serous membrane of cavities
-alveolus walls in lung and capillary walls |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | -small ducts and glands
-absorbs and secretes
-kidney tubules
-ovaries
-thyroid gland |
| Non-ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium | -microvilli
-goblet cells
-digestive tract (stomach to anus) |
| Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium | -cilia
-goblet cells
-bronchioles
-uterine tubes |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | -can be ciliated or non-ciliated
-ciliated: respiratory tract
-non-ciliated: par of male urethra (no goblet cells) |
| Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium | -protection
-cells are alive
-kept moist
-lack keratin
-oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus |
| Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium | -protection
-dead cells
-epidermis of skin |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | -protect and strengthen
-exocrine gland duct
-male urethra |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | -protects and secretes
-large ducts of salivary glands
-part of male urethra
-relatively rare |
| Transitional Epithelium | -binucleated
-allows for stretching
-urinary tract |
| Simple Epithelium | -diffusion
-absorption
-secretion |
| Stratified Epithelium | -protection |
| Gland Secretions | -mucin
-electrolytes
-hormones
-enzymes
-urea |
| Endocrine Glands | -lack ducts
-secrete hormone |
| Exocrine Glands | -have ducts
-sweat glands
-mammary glands
-salivary glands |
| Unicellular Exocrine Glands | -goblet cell |
| Merocrine Gland | -lacrimal glands
-salivary glands
-pancreas
-stomach
-most sweat glands |
| Apocrine Gland | -axillary glands
-pubic glands
-sweat glands
-mammary glands |
| Holocrine Gland | sebaceous |
| Loose Connective Tissue | -areloar
-adipose
-reticular |
| Dense Connective Tissue | -regular
-irregular
-elastic |
| Cartilage | -hyaline
-fibrocartilage
-elastic |
| Bone | -compact
-spongy |
| Fluid Connective Tissue | blood |
| Fibroblasts | produce fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix |
| Adipocytes | fat cells |
| Mesenchymal Cells | divide to replace damaged cells |
| Fixed Macrophages | phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens |
| Wandering Cells | white blood cells |
| Protein Fibers | strengthen and support tissue |
| Collagen Fibers | -strong
-flexible
-resistant to stretching
-tendons and ligaments |
| Reticular Fibers | -form branching, interwoven framework
-stroma of lymph nodes, spleen, liver |
| Elastic Fibers | -stretch
-recoil
-skin, lungs, arteries |
| Extracellular Matrix | ground substance + protein fibers |
| Ground Substance | -may be viscous
-may be semisolid
-may be solid |
| Ground Substances Contain | -glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
-proteoglycans
-adherent glycoproteins |
| Connective Tissue Functions | -physical protection
-support and structural framework
-binding of structures
-storage
-transport
-immune protection |
| Areolar Tissue | -collagen and elastic fibers
-blood vessels
-subcutaneous layer
-surrounds organs, nerve cells, blood vessels |
| Adipose Tissue | -fat
-stores energy
-insulator
-packing and cushion
-subcutaneous layer
-surrounds organs |
| Reticular Tissue | -meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts, leukocytes
-forms structural framework of many lymphatic organs |
| Dense Regular Tissue | -tightly packed parallel collagen fibers
-found in tendons and ligaments
-few blood vessels
-takes long time to heal |
| Dense Irregular Tissue | -collagen fiber clumps in all directions
-support and resistance
-extensive blood supply
-found in most of dermis skin |
| Elastic Connective Tissue | -branches
-densely packed elastic fibers
-stretch
-recoil
-found in: large arteries, trachea, vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis |
| Hyaline Cartilage | -most common
-clear, glassy appearance
-chondrocytes irregularly scattered
-surrounded by perichondrium
-found in: nose trachea, larynx, end of long bones |
| Fibrocartilage | -weight-bearing
-resists compression
-no perichondrium
-found in: intervertebral disk, pubic symphysis |
| Elastic Cartilage | -flexible
-springy
-numerous densely packed elastic fibers
-resists pressure
-surrounded by perichondrium
-found in: external ear and epiglottis |
| Compact Bone | -formed from osteons
-display concentric rings
-encircle central canal housing blood vessels and nerves |
| Spongy Bone | -located in interior of bone
-latticework structure
-strong and lightweight |
| Muscle Tissue | -contract causing movement
-3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | -striated
-voluntary
-responsible for skeletal movement
-multinucleated
-composed of long cylindrical cells |
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | -connected by intercalated discs
-promote rapid conduction of electrical activity
-involuntary |
| -Smooth Muscle Tissue | -lacks striations
-appears smooth
-cells thick in middle and tapered at ends
-involuntary |
| Nervous Tissue | -located within brain
-consists of cells called neurons
-contains larger number of glial cells |
| Integumentary System | consists of skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands |
| The Integument | -largest organ
-protect internal body structures
-7-8% body weight |
| Stratum Cornem | -most superficial layer
-dead cells
-hard protein envelope
-contain keratin
- often peeled or scraped off
-20-30 LAYERS |
| Stratum Lucidum | -second layer from top
-keratinocytes within this layer are flattened
-filled with protein called eledin
-2-3 LAYERS |
| Stratum Granulosum | -third layer from top
-keratinization begins
-3-5 LAYERS |
| Stratum Spinosum | -second deepest layer
-contains several layers of polygonal keratinocytes
- limited mitosis
-SEVERAL LAYERS |
| Stratum Basale | -deepest layer
-cells are mitotic
-SINGLE LAYER OF CUBOIDAL CELLS |
| The Dermis | -deep to the epidermis
-ranges in thickness from 0.5-3.0mm
-composed of connective tissue |
| Layers of Dermis | -epidermis
-epidermal ridge
-dermal papillae
-papillary layer
-reticular layer
-sebaceous layer |
| Vasoconstriction | -blood vessel diameters narrow
-occurs when trying to conserve heat
-look pale when cold |
| Vasodilation | -blood vessel diameter increases
-more blood clear to body surface
-occurs when needing to lose heat |
| Subcutaneous Layer | -not considered part of integument
-consists of areolar and adipose connective tissue
-pads and protects the body |
| Papillary Layer | -more superficial layer of dermis
-composed of areolar tissue
-forms dermal papillae |
| Reticular Layer | -deeper layer of dermis
-dense irregular connective tissue surrounding hair follicle
-sebaceous glands
-sweat glands
-nerves
-blood vessels |
| Brittle Nails | prone to vertical splitting and separation of nail plate layers |
| Onychomycosis | fungal infection |
| Spoon Nails | nail malformation where outer surface of nails concave (iron deficiency) |
| Vertical Ridging | common and usually harmless |
| Ingrown Nail | edge of nail digs into the skin |
| Yellow Nail Syndrome | when growth and thickening slows (sign of respiratory disease) |
| Beau's Lines | run horizontally across nail (temporary interference with nail growth) |
| Hair is not Found On | -hands and palmer surface of fingers
-sides and soles of feet and toes
-lips
-portions of external genitalia |
| Lanugo Hair | -fine
-unpigmented
-downy
-first appears on fetus in last trimester of development |
| Vellus Hair | at birth lanugo hair is replaced by similarity fine unpigmented or lightly pigmented hair (found on upper and lower limbs) |
| Terminal Hair | -courser
-pigmented
-longer |
| Hair Functions | -protection
-heat retention
-sensory reception
-visual identification
-chemical signal dispersal |
| Myoepithelial Cells | -contract and squeeze the gland
-discharge secretions in response to sympathetic stimulation |
| Merocrine Sweat Glands | -most numerous
-secrete sweat
-thermoregulation
-antibacterial |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | -discharge into hair follicles
-axillae, nipple, public, anal regions
-viscous cloudy secretions
-have oder
-start during puberty |
| Sebaceous Glands | -secrete sebum
-lubricant
-bactericidal
-discharged into hair follicle
-holocrine glands
-stimulated by hormones |
| Ceruminous Glands | -modified apocrine sweat glands
-external acoustic meatus
-earwax, cerumen
-lubricate and protect |
| Mammary Glands | -modified apocrine sweat glands
-produce milk in pregnant and lactating females |
| Functions of Epidermis | -prevention of water loss
-metabolic regulation
-secretion and absorption
-immune function |
| Functions of Dermis | -temperature regulation
-sensory reception |
| First Degree Burn | -involved only in epidermis
-slight redness and pain
-immerse in cool water |
| Second Degree Burn | -involve epidermis and part of dermis
-skin blistered and painful
-slight scaring |
| Third Degree Burns | -involve epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer
-required hospitalization
-treatment for dehydration
-requires additional caloric intake
-severe scarring
-may need debridement and skin graft |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | - most common
-least dangerous
-originates in stratum basale
-appears small and shiny
-usually on face |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | -arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinsosum
-lesions usually appear on scars, ears, lower lip, dorsum of hand
-raised, reddened, scaly
-may metastasize to other body parts |
| Malignant Melanoma | -most deadly type
-aggressive growth
-caused by severe sunburns
-characterized by change in mole diameter, color, shape, asymmetry |
