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Study of Tissues
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Four Types of Tissues
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A&P Test 2
Chapter 5-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Study of Tissues | histology |
| Four Types of Tissues | -epithelial -connective -muscle -nervous |
| Epithelial Tissue | -covers body surfaces -lines body cavities -forms majority of glands |
| Epithelial Characteristics | -tight packed cells -apical and basal surfaces -selective barrier -detects change -nutrients diffuse through cells |
| Epithelial Functions | -physical protection (dehydration, abrasion) -selective permeability (promotes passage of other molecules) -secretions -sensations |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | -rapid diffusion -vessel walls -serous membrane of cavities -alveolus walls in lung and capillary walls |
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | -small ducts and glands -absorbs and secretes -kidney tubules -ovaries -thyroid gland |
| Non-ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium | -microvilli -goblet cells -digestive tract (stomach to anus) |
| Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium | -cilia -goblet cells -bronchioles -uterine tubes |
| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | -can be ciliated or non-ciliated -ciliated: respiratory tract -non-ciliated: par of male urethra (no goblet cells) |
| Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium | -protection -cells are alive -kept moist -lack keratin -oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus |
| Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium | -protection -dead cells -epidermis of skin |
| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | -protect and strengthen -exocrine gland duct -male urethra |
| Stratified Columnar Epithelium | -protects and secretes -large ducts of salivary glands -part of male urethra -relatively rare |
| Transitional Epithelium | -binucleated -allows for stretching -urinary tract |
| Simple Epithelium | -diffusion -absorption -secretion |
| Stratified Epithelium | -protection |
| Gland Secretions | -mucin -electrolytes -hormones -enzymes -urea |
| Endocrine Glands | -lack ducts -secrete hormone |
| Exocrine Glands | -have ducts -sweat glands -mammary glands -salivary glands |
| Unicellular Exocrine Glands | -goblet cell |
| Merocrine Gland | -lacrimal glands -salivary glands -pancreas -stomach -most sweat glands |
| Apocrine Gland | -axillary glands -pubic glands -sweat glands -mammary glands |
| Holocrine Gland | sebaceous |
| Loose Connective Tissue | -areloar -adipose -reticular |
| Dense Connective Tissue | -regular -irregular -elastic |
| Cartilage | -hyaline -fibrocartilage -elastic |
| Bone | -compact -spongy |
| Fluid Connective Tissue | blood |
| Fibroblasts | produce fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix |
| Adipocytes | fat cells |
| Mesenchymal Cells | divide to replace damaged cells |
| Fixed Macrophages | phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens |
| Wandering Cells | white blood cells |
| Protein Fibers | strengthen and support tissue |
| Collagen Fibers | -strong -flexible -resistant to stretching -tendons and ligaments |
| Reticular Fibers | -form branching, interwoven framework -stroma of lymph nodes, spleen, liver |
| Elastic Fibers | -stretch -recoil -skin, lungs, arteries |
| Extracellular Matrix | ground substance + protein fibers |
| Ground Substance | -may be viscous -may be semisolid -may be solid |
| Ground Substances Contain | -glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) -proteoglycans -adherent glycoproteins |
| Connective Tissue Functions | -physical protection -support and structural framework -binding of structures -storage -transport -immune protection |
| Areolar Tissue | -collagen and elastic fibers -blood vessels -subcutaneous layer -surrounds organs, nerve cells, blood vessels |
| Adipose Tissue | -fat -stores energy -insulator -packing and cushion -subcutaneous layer -surrounds organs |
| Reticular Tissue | -meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts, leukocytes -forms structural framework of many lymphatic organs |
| Dense Regular Tissue | -tightly packed parallel collagen fibers -found in tendons and ligaments -few blood vessels -takes long time to heal |
| Dense Irregular Tissue | -collagen fiber clumps in all directions -support and resistance -extensive blood supply -found in most of dermis skin |
| Elastic Connective Tissue | -branches -densely packed elastic fibers -stretch -recoil -found in: large arteries, trachea, vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis |
| Hyaline Cartilage | -most common -clear, glassy appearance -chondrocytes irregularly scattered -surrounded by perichondrium -found in: nose trachea, larynx, end of long bones |
| Fibrocartilage | -weight-bearing -resists compression -no perichondrium -found in: intervertebral disk, pubic symphysis |
| Elastic Cartilage | -flexible -springy -numerous densely packed elastic fibers -resists pressure -surrounded by perichondrium -found in: external ear and epiglottis |
| Compact Bone | -formed from osteons -display concentric rings -encircle central canal housing blood vessels and nerves |
| Spongy Bone | -located in interior of bone -latticework structure -strong and lightweight |
| Muscle Tissue | -contract causing movement -3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | -striated -voluntary -responsible for skeletal movement -multinucleated -composed of long cylindrical cells |
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | -connected by intercalated discs -promote rapid conduction of electrical activity -involuntary |
| -Smooth Muscle Tissue | -lacks striations -appears smooth -cells thick in middle and tapered at ends -involuntary |
| Nervous Tissue | -located within brain -consists of cells called neurons -contains larger number of glial cells |
| Integumentary System | consists of skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands |
| The Integument | -largest organ -protect internal body structures -7-8% body weight |
| Stratum Cornem | -most superficial layer -dead cells -hard protein envelope -contain keratin - often peeled or scraped off -20-30 LAYERS |
| Stratum Lucidum | -second layer from top -keratinocytes within this layer are flattened -filled with protein called eledin -2-3 LAYERS |
| Stratum Granulosum | -third layer from top -keratinization begins -3-5 LAYERS |
| Stratum Spinosum | -second deepest layer -contains several layers of polygonal keratinocytes - limited mitosis -SEVERAL LAYERS |
| Stratum Basale | -deepest layer -cells are mitotic -SINGLE LAYER OF CUBOIDAL CELLS |
| The Dermis | -deep to the epidermis -ranges in thickness from 0.5-3.0mm -composed of connective tissue |
| Layers of Dermis | -epidermis -epidermal ridge -dermal papillae -papillary layer -reticular layer -sebaceous layer |
| Vasoconstriction | -blood vessel diameters narrow -occurs when trying to conserve heat -look pale when cold |
| Vasodilation | -blood vessel diameter increases -more blood clear to body surface -occurs when needing to lose heat |
| Subcutaneous Layer | -not considered part of integument -consists of areolar and adipose connective tissue -pads and protects the body |
| Papillary Layer | -more superficial layer of dermis -composed of areolar tissue -forms dermal papillae |
| Reticular Layer | -deeper layer of dermis -dense irregular connective tissue surrounding hair follicle -sebaceous glands -sweat glands -nerves -blood vessels |
| Brittle Nails | prone to vertical splitting and separation of nail plate layers |
| Onychomycosis | fungal infection |
| Spoon Nails | nail malformation where outer surface of nails concave (iron deficiency) |
| Vertical Ridging | common and usually harmless |
| Ingrown Nail | edge of nail digs into the skin |
| Yellow Nail Syndrome | when growth and thickening slows (sign of respiratory disease) |
| Beau's Lines | run horizontally across nail (temporary interference with nail growth) |
| Hair is not Found On | -hands and palmer surface of fingers -sides and soles of feet and toes -lips -portions of external genitalia |
| Lanugo Hair | -fine -unpigmented -downy -first appears on fetus in last trimester of development |
| Vellus Hair | at birth lanugo hair is replaced by similarity fine unpigmented or lightly pigmented hair (found on upper and lower limbs) |
| Terminal Hair | -courser -pigmented -longer |
| Hair Functions | -protection -heat retention -sensory reception -visual identification -chemical signal dispersal |
| Myoepithelial Cells | -contract and squeeze the gland -discharge secretions in response to sympathetic stimulation |
| Merocrine Sweat Glands | -most numerous -secrete sweat -thermoregulation -antibacterial |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | -discharge into hair follicles -axillae, nipple, public, anal regions -viscous cloudy secretions -have oder -start during puberty |
| Sebaceous Glands | -secrete sebum -lubricant -bactericidal -discharged into hair follicle -holocrine glands -stimulated by hormones |
| Ceruminous Glands | -modified apocrine sweat glands -external acoustic meatus -earwax, cerumen -lubricate and protect |
| Mammary Glands | -modified apocrine sweat glands -produce milk in pregnant and lactating females |
| Functions of Epidermis | -prevention of water loss -metabolic regulation -secretion and absorption -immune function |
| Functions of Dermis | -temperature regulation -sensory reception |
| First Degree Burn | -involved only in epidermis -slight redness and pain -immerse in cool water |
| Second Degree Burn | -involve epidermis and part of dermis -skin blistered and painful -slight scaring |
| Third Degree Burns | -involve epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer -required hospitalization -treatment for dehydration -requires additional caloric intake -severe scarring -may need debridement and skin graft |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | - most common -least dangerous -originates in stratum basale -appears small and shiny -usually on face |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | -arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinsosum -lesions usually appear on scars, ears, lower lip, dorsum of hand -raised, reddened, scaly -may metastasize to other body parts |
| Malignant Melanoma | -most deadly type -aggressive growth -caused by severe sunburns -characterized by change in mole diameter, color, shape, asymmetry |
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