| Question | Answer |
| Bethanechol (Urecholine) | Muscarinic Agonists
Quaternary amine
USE: urinary retention/ileus |
| Carbachol (Isopto-Carbachol) | Muscarinic Agonists
Quaternary amine and non-selective muscarinic and nicotinic agonist
USE: Glaucoma |
| Cevimeline (Evoxac) | Muscarinic Agonists
USE: Sjogren's (dry mouth) |
| Pilocarpine (Isopto-Carpine, Salagen) | Muscarinic Agonists
Tertiary amine
USE: Sjogren's (dry mouth), glaucoma |
| Neostigmine (Prostigmin) | AChE inhibitors reversible
USE: Urinary retention/ileus, myasthenia gravis |
| Physostigmiine (Eserine-generic) | AChE inhibitors reversible |
| Ambenonium (Mytelase) | AChE inhibitor reversible
USE: myasthenia gravis |
| Edrophonium (Tensilon) | AChE inhibitor reversible
USE: myasthenia gravis |
| Difluorophosphate-DFP (Floropryl) | AChE inhibitors irreversible "organophosphates" |
| Echothiphate (Phospholine) | AChE inhibitors irreversible "organophosphates"
USE: glaucoma |
| Sarin | AChE inhibitors irreversible (cholinergic poisons, nerve gases)
5 hours before permanent |
| Tabun | AChE inhibitors irreversible (cholinergic poisons, nerve gases)
13 hours before permanent |
| Soman | AChE inhibitors irreversible (cholinergic poisons, nerve gases)
2 min before permanent |
| Malathion | AChE inhibitors irreversilble (Insecticide) |
| Varenicline (Chantix) | Nicotinic a4b2 partial agonist
USE: smoking cessation aid |
| Nicotine (Nicorette, Commit) | Nicotine receptor agonist
USE: smoking cessation |
| Ipratropium (Atrovent) | Anticholinergic
USE: asthma, COPD: decrease bronchial contraction and secretions |
| Tiotropium (Spiriva) | Anticholinergic
USE: asthma, COPD: decrease bronchial contraction and secretions |
| Atropine | Anticholinergic
USE: pre-op antisecretory |
| Atropine (AtroPen) | Anticholinergic
USE: overdose of muscarinic agonists or organophosphate poisoning |
| Atropine | Anticholinergic
USE: bradycardia, asystole: reduce dominant PNS tone-> dominant SNS tone (increase heart rate) |
| Darifenacin (Enablex) | Anticholinergic
USE: urinary incontinence: relax detrusor/contract internal sphincter |
| Fesoterodine (Toviaz) | Anticholinergic
USE: urinary incontinence: relax detrusor/contract internal sphincter |
| Oxybutynin (Ditropan) | Anticholinergic
USE: urinary incontinence: relax detrusor/contract internal sphincter |
| Solfenacin (Vesicare) | Anticholinergic
USE: urinary incontinence: relax detrusor/contract internal sphincter |
| Tolterodine (Detrol) | Anticholinergic
USE: urinary incontinence: relax detrusor/contract internal sphincter |
| Trospium (Sanctura) | Anticholinergic
USE: urinary incontinence: relax detrusor/contract internal sphincter |
| Dicyclomine (Bentyl) | Anticholinergic
USE: GI hypermotility and secretions |
| I-hyoscamine (Levsinex) | Anticholinergic
USE: GI hypermotility and secretions and infant colic |
| Methscopolamine (Pamine) | Anticholinergic
USE: GI hypermotility and secretions |
| Propantheline (Pro-Banthine) | Anticholinergic
USE: GI hypermotility and secretions |
| Scopolamine (Transderm Scop) | Anticholinergic
USE: motion sickness: decrease excessive stimulation of vestibular pathway |
| Homoatropine (Isopto Homatropine) | Anticholinergic
USE: mydriatic: to facilitate eye exam |
| Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl) | Anticholinergic
USE: mydriatic: to facilitate eye exam |
| Tropicamide (Mydriacyl) | Anticholinergic
USE: mydriatic: to facilitate eye exam |
| Ondansetron (Zofran) | 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
USE: prevent N&V associated with emetogenic chemotherapy or radiation, prevention and treatment of post-op N&V
MOA: block 5-HT3 receptors of vagal afferent nerve plus those in CTZ and EC |
| Dolasetron (Anzemet) | 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
USE: prevent N&V associated with emetogenic chemotherapy or radiation, prevention and treatment of post-op N&V
MOA: block 5-HT3 receptors of vagal afferent nerve plus those in CTZ and EC |
| Granisetron (Kytril) | 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
USE: prevent N&V associated with emetogenic chemotherapy or radiation, prevention and treatment of post-op N&V
MOA: block 5-HT3 receptors of vagal afferent nerve plus those in CTZ and EC |
| Palolosetron (Aloxi) | 5-HT3 receptor antagonists
USE: prevent N&V associated with emetogenic chemotherapy or radiation, prevention and treatment of post-op N&V
MOA: block 5-HT3 receptors of vagal afferent nerve plus those in CTZ and EC |
| Alosetron (Lotronex) | 5-HT3 antagonist
USE: women w/ IBS-D
MOA: blockade of 5-HT3 receptors of ENS afferent fibers inhibit afferent and efferent effects of gut distention |
| Nonopiods: APAP, ASA, NSAIDS | USE: abortive therapy of mild migrane |
| Barbiturate hypnotics: butalbital/ASA/caffeine | USE: abortive therapy of mild migrane |
| Triptans | USE: abortive therapy of mild, moderate, severe migrane |
| Ergotamine tartrate (Ergomar)SL tablets | Ergot Alkaloids
USE: migranes
MOA: agonist and/or antagonist effects of 5-HT and a1 receptors |
| Dihydroergotamine D.H.E (Migranal, D.H.E. 45) | Ergot Alkaloids
USE: migranes
MOA: agonist and/or antagonist effects of 5-HT and a1 receptors |
| Ergonovine (Ergotrate) | Ergot Alkaloids
USE: prevention and treatment of postpartum atony and hemorrhage
MOA: agonist/antagonist of a1 and 5-HT2 receptors--> strong contractions of uterus --> compress uterine blood vessels |
| Methylergonovine (Methergine) | Ergot Alkaloids
USE: prevention and treatment of postpartum atony and hemorrhage
MOA: agonist/antagonist of a1 and 5-HT2 receptors--> strong contractions of uterus --> compress uterine blood vessels |
| Citalopram (Celexa) | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
| Escitalopram (Lexapro) | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
| Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem) | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
| Fluvoxamine (Luvox) | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
| Paroxetine (Paxil) | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
| Sertraline (Zoloft) | Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
| Venlaflaxine (Effexor) | Serotonin/NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) |
| Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) | Serotonin/NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) |
| Duloxetine (Cymbalta) | Serotonin/NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
USE: fibromyalgia |
| Milnacipdran (Savella) | Serotonin/NE Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
USE: fibromyalgia |
| Mephobarbital (Mebaral) | Barbiturate
USE: sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant
ONSET: 60 min DURATION: 15 hrs (long) |
| Phenobarbital (Luminal) | Barbiturate
USE: sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant
ONSET: 60 min DURATION: 15 hrs (long) |
| Amobarbital (Amytal) | Barbiturate
USE: sedative, hypnotic
ONSET: 60 min DURATION: 8 hrs (intermediate) |
| Pentobarbital (Nembutal) | Barbiturate
USE: insomnia
ONSET: 15 min DURATION: 4 hrs (short) |
| Secobarbital (Seconal) | Barbiturate
USE: insomnia, pre-anesthesia
ONSET: 15 min DURATION: 4 hrs (short) |
| Thiopental (Pentothal) | Barbiturate
USE: anesthesia: sole or adjunct to other general anesthetics
ONSET: ~20 sec DURATION: 15 min (ultra-short) |
| Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) | Benzodiazepine
USE: anxiety, preanesthesia, alcohol withdrawl
ONSET: 40 min DURATION: 24-48 hrs (long) |
| Clonazepam (Klonopin) | Benzodiazepine
USE: Panic disorder, epilepsy, bipolar disorder
ONSET: 40 min DURATION 24-48 hrs (long) |
| Diazepam (Valium) | Benzodiazepine
USE: anxiety, preanesthesia, AED, muscle relaxant, alcohol withdrawl
ONSET: 40 min DURATION 24-48 hrs (long) |
| Alprazolam (Xanax) | Benzodiazepine
USE: anxiety, panic disorder
ONSET: 12 min DURATION: 24 hrs (medium) |
| Lorazepam (Ativan) | Benzodiazepine
USE: anxiety, preanesthesia, status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, preanesthesia, amnesia
ONSET: 12 min DURATION: 12-18 hrs (short) |
| Oxazepam (Serax) | Benzodiazepine
USE: anxiety, alcohol withdrawal
ONSET: 12 min DURATION: 12-18 hrs (short) |
| Temazepam (Restoril) | Benzodiazepine
USE: insomnia
ONSET: 12 min DURATION: 12-18 hrs (short) |
| Midazolam (Versed) | Benzodiazepine
USE: Preanesthesia, amnesia, induce/maintain anesthesia
ONSET: 4 min DURATION: <6 hr (ultrashort) |
| Triazolam (Halcion) | Benzodiazepine
USE: insomnia
ONSET: 4 min DURATION: <6 hr (ultrashort) |
| Buspirone (Buspar) | USE: anxiety
ONSET of efficacy is 1-2 weeks
MOA: serotonin receptor agonist, no effect on GABA receptor or GABA binding to GABA receptor |
| Eszopiclone (Lunesta) | Non-BDZs Hypnotics
USE: insomnia
MOA: agonist of BZ1 (omega1 receptor) |
| Zolpidem (Ambien) | Non-BDZs Hypnotics
USE: insomnia
MOA: agonist of BZ1 (omega1 receptor) |
| Zapelon (Sonata) | Non-BDZs Hypnotics
USE: insomnia
MOA: agonist of BZ1 (omega1 receptor) |
| Ramelteon (Rozerem) | Non-BDZs Hypnotic
USE: insomnia
MOA: agonist of melatonin receptors of suprachiasmatic nuclei= maintain carcadian rhythm or normal sleep-wake cycle |
| Chloral Hydrate Generic | Miscellaneous Older CNS depressants
USE: preop: anti-anxiety and sedation, postop: adjunct to opiates and other analgesics, hypnotic: loses effectiveness after 2 week therapy, prevent or suppress alcohol withdrawal symptoms
MOA: unknown |
| Meprobamate (Equanil) | Miscellaneous Older CNS depressants
USE: anxiety (reduced efficacy after 4 months)
MOA: unknown |
| Alcohol Ethanol ETOH | MOA: binds to different site on GABA receptor, inhibits activation of NMDA (excitory) receptors, effects on other channels and neurotransmitters |
| Disulfiram (Antabuse) | Miscellaneous Older CNS depressants
USE: treatment of alcohol abuse
MOA: cause acetaldehyde poisoning- inhibit ALDH-increase in acetaldehyde- vasodillation, intense throbbing headache, vomitting, sweating, vertigo, blurred vision, weakness, confusion |
| Phenobarbital | Older AED
USE: Simple&Complex Partial, Grand Mal, Status
MOA: block Na and Ca channels, increase duration of open Cl channels, decrease glutamate release |
| Phenytoin (Dilantin) | Older AED
USE: Simple&Complex Partial, Grand Mal, Status
MOA: block Na and Ca channels, increase GABA release, decrease glutamate release |
| Valproic Acid (Depakene) | Older AED
USE: Simple&Complex Partial, Grand Mal, Absence, Status
MOA: block Na and Ca channels, increase GABA levels |
| Primidone (Mysoline) | Older AED |
| Carbamazepine (Tegretol) | Older AED |
| Levetiracetam (Keppra) | Newer AED
USE: Simple&Complex Partial, Grand Mal
MOA: Increase GABA release, decrease glutamate release |
| Lamotrigine (Lamictal) | Newer AED
USE: Simple&Complex Partial, Grand Mal, Absence
OTHER USE: treat pain
MOA: block Na and Ca channels, decrease Glutamate release |
| Pregabalin (Lyrica) | Newer AED
USE: Simple&Complex Partial
MOA: block Ca channels, increase GABA release, decreaase glutamate release |
| Gabapentin (Neurontin) | Newer AED
USE: Simple&Complex Partial, Grand Mal, Absence
OTHER USE: diabetic neuropathy pain, postherpitic pain, spinal cord injury, phantom limb pain
MOA: block Ca channels, unknown |
| Topiramate (Topamax) | Newer AED
USE: Simple&Complex Partial, Grand Mal, Absence
OTHER USE: treat pain
MOA: Block Na channels, potentiate GABA inhibitory effect on GABA-A receptor, blocks glutamate receptors |
| Acamprosate (Campral) | USE: maintain alcohol abstinence
MOA: restore balance of GABA and glutamate activity, enhance action of GABA at GABA receptors, reduce neuronal hyper-excitability during alcohol withdrawl |
