| Question | Answer |
| What two sinuses are present at birth? | 1.Maxilla.
2.Ethmoid. |
| When do you percuss the face? | If evaluating for hypocalcemia. |
| Caput Succedanum | Subcutaneous edema after birth that crosses the suture lines.
**CONE HEAD |
| Cephalhematoma | DOESN'T cross the suture lines. Subperiosteal collection of blood after birth. |
| Plagiocephaly | flattened or asymmetrical shape to the skull in infants |
| Craniosynostosis | premature closure of one or more cranial sutures before brain growth has been completed |
| Hydrocephalus | swelling of the head MINUS the face |
| Encephelocele | protrusion of nervous tissue through a skull defect. |
| Microcephaly | Head circumfrence: 2 std deviations below mean |
| Features of fetal alcohol syndrom | 1.retardation.
2.wide spread eyes.
3.mild ptosis.
4.short nose.
5.thin upper lip. |
| Hurler Syndrome | Enlarged skull, low forhead, short neck.
**muccopolysaccharide storage disease |
| Features of down syndrome | 1.epicanthal folds.
2.depressed nasal bridge.
3.mongoloid slant.
4.macroglossia. |
| Hippocratic facies | 1.sunken facial features
2.dry skin
**seen in later stages of terminal illness |
| Cushings disease | ADRENAL TUMORS, high glucocorticoids.
1.Moon Face.
2.Eythema.
3.Thin skin |
| What structures allow bone growth in the skull? | Suture and fontanels permit skull expansion and bone growth.
**skull may be deformed for short period after birth. |
| Classic migraine symptoms? | 1.unilateral.
2.throbbing.
3.Nausea.
4.Menses
**Common migraines present the same except GENERALIZED |
| Cluster headaches | 1.Unilateral.
2.searing pain.
3.nasal discharge.
4.lacrimation. |
| Hypertensive headache | 1.Bilateral.
2.occipital.
3.throbbing. |
| Muscular tension headache | 1.Band-like.
2.Constricting.
3.Stress.
4.Anger. |
| Temporal Arteritis Headache | 1.Temporal area.
2.throbbing.
3.OLDER ADULTS |
| What is the largest endocrine gland in the body? | Thyroid gland.
**If enlarged, vascular Bruits may exist. |
| Graves disease (Hyperthyroidism) | AUTOIMMUNE (antibodies attack TSH receptors).
1.Exopthalmos.
2.Goiter.
3.tachycardia.
4.Wgt loss.
5.sensitivity to heat. |
| What may be secondary to severe prolonged hypothyroidism? | Myxedema.
1.periorbital edema.
2.cognitive impairment.
3.puffy yellow skin.
4.Glycosaminoglycans. |
| Hashimoto disease (Hypoparathyroidism) | AUTOIMMUNE (antibodies against thryoid gland).
1.Lethargy.
2.sensitive to cold.
3.wgt gain.
4.puffy eyes.
**Congenital: floppy jaundice baby |
| Is it common to hear bruits near the thyroid? | Yes if they are younger than 5.
**also the gland may not be palpable. |
| How can the thyroid gland change with pregnancy? | It can enlarge due to an increased demand for T3 & T4. |
| Agings effect on the thyroid | decreases production and becomes fibrotic. |
| What does tracheal tugging suggest? | Aortic aneurysm. |
| Branchial cleft cyst | CONGENITAL. due to incomplete development. found on anteromedial border of SCM. |
| Nuchal rigidity | Associated with meningeal irritation |
| When is the lymph system fully developed? | 9-12 yrs/o |
| Commonly enlarged lymph nodes in children less than 2? | 1.postauricular.
2.occipital |
| Function of the semicircular canals | : respond to changes in direction of movement and send signals to the cerebellum for the maintenance of balance |
| Why are children more prone to ear infections? | B/c their Eustachian tubes are wider, shorter, more horizontal. |
| Presbycusis | gradual hearing loss, normal after age 65.
**High frequency sounds are lost first. |
| Vertigo | 1.unsteadiness,
2.loss of balance,
3.sycope. |
| Tophi | Gout |
| Acute Otitis Media | middle ear inflammation and effusion.
**Look for a red bulging TM with limited or absent movement. |
| Otitis Media with effusion | inflammation of middle ear due to collection of serous, mucoid, or purulent fluid.
**TM will be yellow, bulging or retracted, cracking sounds heard on yawning or chewing. |
| Otitis Externa (Swimmer's ear) | Bacterial or fungal infection of the auditory canal.
**seen from trauma or moist environments. Pain worsens with chewing or movement. |
| Cholesteatoma | cystlike tumor in the eardrum or middle ear.
**If untreated can errode the temporal bone causing permanent hearing loss and meningitis. |
| Otosclerosis | Hereditary. more common in women 15-45 y/o.
**Hearing loss via hardening of the ossicles. |
| Labyrinthitis | : inflammation of the labyrinthine canal due to a complications of a upper respiratory viral or bacterial infection |
| What age would you expect to see mastoiditis? what other disorders sometimes come with it? | Less than 2 y/o. Meningitis can be a complicaiton. |
| Ménière diease | Hearing loss caused by a change in fluid (endolymph) volume within the portion of the inner ear known as the labyrinth |
| What could cause nasal polyps? | 1.recurrent sinusitis.
2.Asthma.
3.allergic rhinitis |
| Permanent teeth appear at what age? | 6-15 y/o.
**deciduous teeth appear around 6-24 months. |
| Long term side effects of the upper lip/ palate? | 1.hearing loss.
2.chronic otitis media.
3.speech dificulties.
4.feeding problems.
5.improper tooth development. |
| When is the gingival tissue less elastic and more vulnerable? | Older age |
| Xerostomia | DRY MOUTH (decreased salivation)
**Older Adults. |
| Exudative pharyngitis | (Tonsilitis)inflmmation/infection of the tonsils. |
| Peritonsillar abscess | causes:
1.Dysphagia.
2.drooling.
3.sore throat.
4.fever.
5.deviated uvula. |
| Torus Palatines | NORMAL.
bony protuberance in the midline of the hard palate. |
| Oral Cancer | Ulcerative lesion that doesnt heal.
**Can be painless and then painful, increase risk with EtOH and tobacco. |
| Oral Cancer: Benign Keratosis | Need biopsy to ensure benign |
| Oral Cancer: Lichen planus | BENIGN, white, intersecting lines. |
| Oral Cancer: Leukoplakia | premalignant, chronic irritation. |
| Niacin or Vit B12 deficiency | smooth red tongue. |
