| Question | Answer |
| Most microorganisms are not harmful and play a vital role in maintaining our global environment in the following FIVE ways: | 1.Decompose organic waste
2.Are PRODUCERS in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
3.Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone
4.Produce fermented food ie:vinegar,cheese, and bread
5Produce products used in manufacturing and treatment |
| Naming and Classifying Microorganisms is Called and was established by: | The system of naming (nomenclature) we now use was established by Carolus Linnaeus |
| Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names, what are they? | The genus, the first name, is always capitalized, and the specific epithet (species),which follows, is not capitalized.The scientific names are always either italicized or underlined |
| The Three Domains are? | Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
| Name Archaea: Cell type, Cell wall and Antibiotic Senstivity: | Prokaryote, Varies in composition; Contains no peptidoglycan, No Antibiotic Sensitivity |
| Name Bacteria: Cell type, Cell wall and Antibiotic Senstivity: | Prokaryote, Contains peptidoglycan, Yes antibiotic sensitive |
| Name Eukarya: Cell type, Cell wall and Antibiotic Senstivity: | Eukaryote, Varies in composition; Contains carbohydrates, No Antibiotic Sensitivity |
| Name the Five Kingdoms | 1. Prokaryotes
2. Fungi
3. Protists (protozoa)
4. Plants
5. Animals |
| Name Two Cell Types, Nucleus Yes or No? | 1. Prokaryotic Cells have NO true nucleus or nuclear membrane.
2. Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane. |
| Describe Bacteria | a. Unicellular prokaryotes (genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane)
b. Many shapes: cocci (spherical), bacilli(rodlike), and spiral
c. Motile or Nonmotile
d. Reproduce by:Binary Fission
e. Peptidoglyan incell wall
f. Diverse nutrition |
| Describe Archaea: | a. Prokaryotes
b. Lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments
c. Include methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles
d. unusual metabolisms high temps, salt envir. and methane |
| Describe Fungi: | a. Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
b. Chitin in their cell wall
c. Include molds(multicellular,lots of filaments), mushroom, and yeast(unicellular reproduce by budding)
d. Obtain nutrients through special structures (hyphae) |
| Describe Protists or Protozoa: | a. Unicellular eukaryotes
b. Classified by locomotion using pseudopods, flagella or cilia
c. Include amoeba, paramecium
d. Obtain nutrients by ingesting other organisms or dead organic material-phagocytosis, pinocytosis
e. reproduce asexuallyorsexuall |
| Describe Algae: | a. Unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes
b. Cellulose in their cell wall
c. uses Photosynthesis for energy
d. Produce Molecular oxygen ans organic compounds |
| Describe Viruses: | a. Noncellular; obligate intracellular parasites
b. EITHER DNA or RNA core (never both) surrounded by a protein coat.(sometimes this coat is encased in an additional layer called an envelope). |
| Describe Multicellular Animal Parasites: | a.Eukaryote
B. Multicellular Animals
c.Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called Heminths |
| Robert Hooke is known for: | Cell Theory: All living things are composed of boxes or cells. |
| Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is known for: | Observed LIVE MICROBES with a simple magnifying lens
First to see live microbes |
| Francesco Redi is known for: | Debate over Spontaneous Generation
Maggots/Meat in 6 jars experiment. |
| John Needham is known for: | Debate over Spontaneous Generation
Found that after he heated nutrient broths - cooled solutions contained microbes |
| Lazzaro Spallanzani is known for: | Debate over Spontaneous Generation
Suggested that Needhams results were due to microbes in the air entering the broth |
| Rudolf Virchow is known for: | Hypothesis of Biogenesis: Living things only arise from living cells |
| Louis Pasteur is known for: | a. Disproved Spontaneous generation
b. S-shape flask trapped airborne microbes
c. Pasteurization (prevention of microbe contamination)
d. Fermentation (conversion of sugar to alcohol) |
| The Germ Theory of Disease states:
(and who proved it?) | That a specific microbe can invade other organisms and causes a specific disease.
Proved by Robert Koch |
| Joseph Lister is known for: | He applied phenol or carbonic acid disinfectant to surgical dressings. |
| Ignaz Semmelweis is known for: | He showed the importance of handwashing to reduce puerperal (childbirth fever) infections. |
| Robert Koch in 1876 demonstrated that certain bacteria in the blood of cattle that had died of __________________ were the cause of death. | Bacillus anthrcis, or anthrax |
| Define Koch's FOUR Postulates | 1.The SAME path mustbe isolated in every case of disease.
2.The path mustbe isolatd from animal+grown in PURE culture.
3.The path must CAUSE the disease when inoculatd in healthy animal
4.The path mustbe isolatd from animal+mustbe the ORIGINAL organism |
| Edward Jenner is known for: | Developed smallpox vaccine from cowpox |
| Chemotherapy is defined as: | treatment with chemicals
Synethetic drugs or antibiotics are used to treat infectious diseases |
| Paul Ehrlich is known for: | Creating Salvarsan (the magic bullet) to treat syphillis or Treponema pallidum (had arsenic in it) |
| Alexander Fleming is known for: | Discovery of pennicillin |
| Name Six Modern Developments in Microbiology | A. Bacteriology
B. Mycology
C. Parasitology
D. Immunology
E. Virology
F. Recombinant DNA Technology |
| Define Bacteriology: | The study of bacteria |
| Define Mycology: | The study of fungi. |
| Antibiotics are: | chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill bacteria. |
| Define Parasitology: | Study of Protozoa and Parasitic worms |
| Define Immunology: | The study of immunity.
Vaccines and interferons to prevent and cure viral diseases.
Use immunology to identify some bacteria (looks at antigens and antibodies) |
| Define Virology: | The study of viruses. |
| Paul Berg is known for: | Inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA and bacteria made an animal protein |
| Microbial Ecology is: | The relationship of microbes to the environment.
Microbes are decomposers of dead plants and animals.
Bacteria recycle vital elements and nutrients
Nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen cycle
Sewage treatment |
| Rebecca Lancefield is known for: | Classified Streptococci according to serotypes based on cell walls of bacteria. |
| Define Bioremediation: | Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury. |
| Define Biological Insecticide: | Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides to prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission. |
| How do Modern Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering use microbes? | Biotechnology, uses microbes to produce foods and chemicals.
using Genetic engineering bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins
Genetically modified bacteria are used to protect crops from freezing and insects. |
| Define EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (EID): | New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence. |
| Name at least two EIDs: | A. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies
B. Diarrhea (E. coli 0157:H7)
C. Invasive Group A Streptococcus
D. Cryptosporidium
E. Avian Influenza A (H5N1)
F. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
| What is a Prion? | Protein that causes infections |
| What is resistance? | The ability of the body to ward off disease.
-resistance factors include skin, stomach acid (ph 1 or 2) and antimicrobial chemicals (Interferon against viral and Complement system) |
| What is a Pathogen? | Disease causing organism |
| What is a Susceptible Host? | An organism in which the pathogen causes disease |
| List 3 practical applications of microbiology in human lives. | 1.Using microbes as pesticides
2.Using microbes to clean up toxic substances in the environment (bioremediation)
3.Using microbes to produce food and chemicals |
| Describe the Bacteria Domain: | Bacteria domain include may nonpathogenic prokaryotes as well as pathogens and photoautotrophic bacteria. All these organisms are unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls. They reproduce by binary fission. |
| Describe the Archaea domain: | Archaea domain includes prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan cell walls; they live in extreme environments. |
| Decribe the Eukarya domain: | Eukarya domain contains eukaryotes such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists. These organisms have a true nucleus |
| Discuss the differences between the algae and the fungi: | Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes that contain cellulose in their cell walls. Fungi are eukaryotes that are not photosynthetic and they contain chitin in their cell walls. |
| Discuss the differences between bacteria and fungi: | Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that lack a nucleus and possess peptidoglycan cell walls. Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes with a true nucleus; they have chitin in their cell walls. |
| Discuss the differences between bacteria and viruses: | Bacteria reproduce by binary fission while fungi reproduce by spores. Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes while viruses are not cellular. Viruses are intracellular parasites. |
| Distinguish between normal microbiota and pathogens | Normal microbiota or normal flora are the variety of microbes present in and on the human body without normally causing disease. Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms. |
| Describe distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotes. | Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus. They contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls. They reproduce by binary fission |
| Who was the first to see microrganisms | Anton von Leeuwenhoek |
| Who disproved spontaneous generation and proved biogenesis. He also developed pasteurization and discovered the process of fermentation. | Louis Pasteur |
| Who proved the Germ Theory of Disease. | Robert Koch |
| Who introduced handwashing to prevent child birth fever? | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Who developed the smallpox vaccine? | Edward Jenner |
| Who applied phenol disinfectant to surgical dressing? | Joseph Lister |
| Who discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic? | Alexander Fleming |
| Name the genus of the bacteria that Barry Marshall suggested as the cause of gastric ulcers in 1981. | Helicobacter pylori |
| Invasive Group A Streptococcus causes: | Flesh eating - extensive tissue damage |
| The leading cause of Diarrhea world wide is: | E. Coli O157:H7 |
| Define Aseptic: | Techniques that keep areas free of unwanted microbes. |
