Causes, s/s
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| Superior Vena Cava Syndrome | results from obstruction of the SVC by a tumor. (facial edema, periorbital edema, neck vein distention, chest, headache, seizures, mediastinal mass is visible on xray)
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| Spinal Cord Compression | result of a malignant tumor in the epidural space of the spinal cord. Most common primary tumors that present this problem: breast, lung, prostate, GI, melanoma, renal tumors. (Back pain, localized & persistent, with vertebral tenderness, motor weakness
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| Metabolic Emergencies | caused by the production of ectopic hormones directly from the tumor or secondary to Ca tx. Ectopic hormones arise from tissues that do not release these hormones
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| Hypercalcemia | can occur in the presence of ca that involves the bone (bone, multiple myeloma or PTH-like substance. hyperCa resuls from malignancies that have spread (apathy, depression, fatigue, anorexia, Ca+levels > 12 can be life threatening
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| Septic Shock | tumor necrosis w/ immunosuppressed and/or malnourished state can result in sepsis. Bacteria enters blood = sepsis. Malignant tumors use anaerobic pathways, sepsis ususually are gram- (warm shock, vasodilation, vascular dehydration, hi fever, edema
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| 2nd Phase of Septic Shock | w/o tx of 1st s/s 2nd phase: cold shock/hypodynamic, low BP, rapid, thready pulse, resp distress, cyanosis, subnormal temp, cold, clammy skin, decr u/o, alt mentation
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| Infiltrative Emergencies | occur when malignant tumors infiltrate major organs or secondary to Ca therapy
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| Cardiac Tamponade | results from fluid accum in the pericardial sac, constriction of the pericardium by a tumor/ pericarditis 2nd to rad therapy
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| S/S of cardiac tamponade | heavy feeling over chest, sob, tachycardia, perspiration, decr LOC, pulsus parodoxus, distant or muted heart sounds, extreme anxiety
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| Carotid artery rupture (hemorrhage) | pts w/ Ca of the head & neck, 2nd to invation of the arterial wall can manifest as minor oozing, spurting of blood "blowout" of artery
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