Chemistryyy!!!
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| Matter that has definite shape and definite volume. | Solid
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| Atoms of more than one type of element that are chemically bonded together. | Compounds
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| Matter that does not have shape or volume. | Gas
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| Process where a solid changes directly into a gas. | Sublimation
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| Characteristics that can be observed without changing the compositions of the substance. | Physical Properties
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| Temperature at which a gas changes into a liquid. It is the same temperature as the boiling point. | Condensation Point
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| Type of bonding that occurs when atoms are combine due to opposite charges attracting each other. | Ionic
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| State of electrically charged, free-moving particles. | Plasma
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| Temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid. It is the same temperature as the melting point. | Freezing Point
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| Name for atoms that have a charge because they have either lost or gained electrons | Ions
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| Matter with definite volume, but no definite shape. | Liquid
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| Name that refers to the electrons found in the outermost energy level. | Valence
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| Type of bonding that involves atoms sharing electrons. | Covalent
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| Process where a gas changes directly into a solid. | Deposition
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| Characteristics that cannot be observed without changing the substance’s composition. | Chemical properties
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| Examples of Pjysical Changes | Melting ice, cutting paper, dissolving sugar in water, drawing on paper
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| Examples of Chemical Changes | Fireworks exploding, leaves changing colors, glowing lightstick, campfire, rusting nails, molding bread
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| Substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances | Element
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| Substances that are made of 2 or more chemically bonded atoms. | Compounds
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| Covalent bonds | occur between two nonmetals (ex. H2O)
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| Nonmetals | H, C, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I
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| Polar Covalent Compounds | Not all electrons are shared evenly in a covalent compound.
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| Carbon Compounds | -Foundation for life
–Carbohydrates, Lipids/Fats, Proteins, & Amino Acids.
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| long chains of Hydrogen & Carbon atoms: Alcohols & Fuels | long chains of Hydrogen & Carbon Hydrocarbons
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| substances that undergo a chemical change | Reactants
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| substances that are the result of a chemical change. | Products
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| Law of Conservation of Mass | The mass of the reactants will equal the mass of the products.
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| reaction where energy is absorbed | endothermic
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| reaction where energy is given off. | exothermic
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| Rates of Reactions | How fast or how slow a reaction will take can be affected by some of the following factors:
1. Temperature
2. Surface Area
3. Pressure
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| Catalysts | a substance that speeds up a reaction that doesn’t actually react.
Example: Enzymes
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| A mixture that is evenly mixed throughout. | Homogeneous Mixtures
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| A mixture that is NOT mixed evenly throughout & each component keeps its own properties. | Heterogeneous Mixtures
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| Protons | Positively charged particles.
• The number of protons in the nucleus determines one element from another.
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| Neutrons | Particles that have NO charge (neutral).
• Each element may change its number of neutrons.
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| Electrons | Tiny, negatively charged particles.
· Electrons are found randomly in specific energy levels surrounding the nucleus.
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| Quarks | Quarks are very small particles that make up protons & neutrons.
· There are a total of 6 different “flavors” of quarks that have been discovered.
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| Came up with the word “atomos” to describe the smallest form of matter that could not be divided | Democritus
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| said that matter can be divided infinitely | Aristotle
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| Proposed the concept of the Atomic Theory. | John Dalton
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| Discovered the electron using magnets & a cathode ray tube. · Described the atom as “plum pudding”. | J.J. Thomson
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| Discovered the atom’s nucleus in his gold foil experiment. The nucleus is positively charged and the atom is mostly empty space. | Ernest Rutherford
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| Discovered the electron’s exact negative charge in his oil drop experiment. | Robert Millikan
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| Shows the number of protons in the nucleus. | Atomic Number
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| Number of protons plus neutrons | Mass Number
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| Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. | Isotopes
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| The weighted average of the isotopes of an element. | Atomic Mass
You can calculate the average number of neutrons in an element by subtracting the
atomic number from the atomic mass.
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| Metals | Most of the elements are solid metals.
· Metals are usually shiny, malleable, good conductors of heat & electricity and ductile.
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| Metalloids | Elements that have some characteristics of both metals & nonmetals.
· Examples: Boron, Silicon, Antimony, & Arsenic.
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| Nonmetals | Most nonmetals are gases.
· Solid nonmetals are brittle, poor conductors, & not easily shaped.
· 97% of your body is made of nonmetals.
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| A row of elements. | Periods
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| the vertical columns of elements that have similar physical & chemical properties. | Families
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| Most reactive of the metals. | Alkali Metals
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| Commonly used in fireworks for the colors. · Has 2 electrons in the outermost shell. | Alkaline Earth Metals
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| Wide variety of metals such as coin & structural metals. · Middle of the periodic table. | Transition Elements
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| Bond with Alkali Metals to form salts. · Have 7 electrons in outermost shell. · Steal electrons from other atoms – reactive nonmetals. · Poisonous gases | Bond with Alkali Metals to form salts.
· Have 7 electrons in outermost shell.
· Steal electrons from other atoms – reactive nonmetals.
· Poisonous gases
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| Nonmetals | Period: reactivity increases as you go from left to right across a period.
· Group: reactivity decreases as you go down a group
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| a group of atoms connected by covalent bonds. | Molecules
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