HBiology 1st Semester Final Study Guide, Gelbaum 1&2
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| Atoms | the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element
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| The Scientific method | Collection observations, asking questions, Forming hypotheses and making predictions, Confirming predictions (usually with experiments), Drawing conclusions
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| Hypothesis | a testable idea or explanation that leads to scientific investigation
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| Theory | a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation
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| Dependant | in an experiment, the factor that changes as a result of manipulation of one or more other factors (the independent variables)
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| Independent | in an experiment, the factor that is deliberately manipulated
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| Controlled Experiment | an experiment that tests only one factor at a time by using a comparison of a control group with an experimental group
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| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space
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| Elements | a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number
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| Characteristics of living things | Cellular organization, Reproduction, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Heredity, Responsiveness, Growth and development
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| Compounds | a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
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| Cohesion | the force that holds molecules of a single material together
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| Adhesion | the attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other
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| Hydrogen bonds | the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule
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| Protons | a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom; the number of protons in the nucleus is the atomic number, which determines the identity of an element
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| Neutron | a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom
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| Electron | a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
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| Energy levels | The energy state of an atom
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| Atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element
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| Mass number | the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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| Isotopes | an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass)
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| Radioactive isotopes | an isotope that has an unstable nucleus and that emits radiation
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| Properties of water | stores heat efficiently, cohesion, adhesion, hydrogen bonds, polarity
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| Covalent bond | a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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| Ionic bond | the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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| Hydrogen bond | the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule
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| Exothermic | a chemical reaction in which heat is released to the surroundings
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| Endothermic | a chemical reaction that requires heat
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| Acid | any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water; acids turn blue litmus paper red and react with bases and some metals to form salts
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| Bases | any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; bases turn red litmus paper blue and react with acids to form salts
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| pH scale | a value that is used to express the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a system; each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a pH of greater than 7 is basic
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| Solution | a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed
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| Solute | in a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent
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| Solvent | in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves
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| Organic compounds | a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
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| Bonding properties of carbon | Carbon usually bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon atoms
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| Dehydration synthesis | Monomers are joined together through dehydration, or water loss
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| Hydrolysis | a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and a salt to create an acid or a base
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| Monomers | a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer
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| Polymers | a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units
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| Phospholipids | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes
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| Steroids | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action
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| Waxes | composed of fatty acids and alcohol
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| Proteins | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
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| Peptide bonds | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
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| Enzymes | a type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed
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| Activation energy | the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
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| Catalyst | a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly
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| Substrate | the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes
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| Active site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate
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| Nucleic acids | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information
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| RNA | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
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