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Chapters 1&2 Bio
HBiology 1st Semester Final Study Guide, Gelbaum 1&2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atoms | the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element |
| The Scientific method | Collection observations, asking questions, Forming hypotheses and making predictions, Confirming predictions (usually with experiments), Drawing conclusions |
| Hypothesis | a testable idea or explanation that leads to scientific investigation |
| Theory | a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation |
| Dependant | in an experiment, the factor that changes as a result of manipulation of one or more other factors (the independent variables) |
| Independent | in an experiment, the factor that is deliberately manipulated |
| Controlled Experiment | an experiment that tests only one factor at a time by using a comparison of a control group with an experimental group |
| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space |
| Elements | a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number |
| Characteristics of living things | Cellular organization, Reproduction, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Heredity, Responsiveness, Growth and development |
| Compounds | a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| Cohesion | the force that holds molecules of a single material together |
| Adhesion | the attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other |
| Hydrogen bonds | the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule |
| Protons | a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom; the number of protons in the nucleus is the atomic number, which determines the identity of an element |
| Neutron | a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron | a subatomic particle that has a negative charge |
| Energy levels | The energy state of an atom |
| Atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element |
| Mass number | the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Isotopes | an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass) |
| Radioactive isotopes | an isotope that has an unstable nucleus and that emits radiation |
| Properties of water | stores heat efficiently, cohesion, adhesion, hydrogen bonds, polarity |
| Covalent bond | a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
| Ionic bond | the attractive force between oppositely charged ions, which form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| Hydrogen bond | the intermolecular force occurring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom of one molecule is attracted to two unshared electrons of another molecule |
| Exothermic | a chemical reaction in which heat is released to the surroundings |
| Endothermic | a chemical reaction that requires heat |
| Acid | any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water; acids turn blue litmus paper red and react with bases and some metals to form salts |
| Bases | any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; bases turn red litmus paper blue and react with acids to form salts |
| pH scale | a value that is used to express the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a system; each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a pH of greater than 7 is basic |
| Solution | a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed |
| Solute | in a solution, the substance that dissolves in the solvent |
| Solvent | in a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves |
| Organic compounds | a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides |
| Bonding properties of carbon | Carbon usually bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon atoms |
| Dehydration synthesis | Monomers are joined together through dehydration, or water loss |
| Hydrolysis | a chemical reaction between water and another substance to form two or more new substances; a reaction between water and a salt to create an acid or a base |
| Monomers | a simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer |
| Polymers | a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units |
| Phospholipids | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes |
| Steroids | a type of lipid that consists of four carbon rings to which various functional groups are attached and that usually has a physiological action |
| Waxes | composed of fatty acids and alcohol |
| Proteins | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| Peptide bonds | the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| Enzymes | a type of protein that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed |
| Activation energy | the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
| Catalyst | a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly |
| Substrate | the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
| Active site | the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate |
| Nucleic acids | an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
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