Placental and Perinatal Pathology
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| What vessels are found in the umbilical cord | There is one umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries
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| The fetal membranes are composed of what to parts | the innermost amnion and the outer chorion
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| What is it called when twins coexist in a single gestational sac adn there are no intervening membranes | monochorionic monoamniotic placental monozygotic twins
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| What is it called when there are two gestational sacs separated by membranes consisting only of amnion | Monochorionic diamniotic placenta monozygotic twins
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| what is it called when there are two gestational sacs separated by membranes consisting of both amnion and chorion | Dichorionic, diamniotic placenta with monozygotic or dizygotic twins
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| What is placenta previa | premature separation with vaginal bleeding and premature labor (more common in 1st trimester)
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| Placenta Accreta is limited to? | superficial myometrium
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| Placenta Increta invades? | myometrium
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| Placenta Percreta extends to or through? | uterine serosa
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| Uterine rupture is usually limited to Placenta Accreta, Increta, or Percreta? | Percreta
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| What is a false knot | a false knot occurs wehn the umbilical vessels have a circuitous course causing the umbilical cord to bunch up
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| What is a true knot | defined as a knot that when pulled tight can restrict fetal blood flow
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| What is a velamentous insertion? | when the ocrd inserts into the fetal membranes rather than onto the placental disc
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| What are amniotic bands | strips of amnion that can wrap around fetal structures causing a disruption of normal development
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| Define Pregnancy Induced Hypertension | The blood pressure of a pregnant woman who was previously normotensive rises to 140/90 mm Hg or greater after 20 weeks gestation
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| What is preeclampsia | PIH plus proteinuria
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| What is HELLP syndrome | PIH with the triald of hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, and Low Platelets
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| What is Eclampsia | Preeclampsia plus seizures or coma
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| What is Placental Abruption | placenta prematurely separates from the underlying muscular wall of the uterus (painful bleeding vs painles with placenta previa)
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| What causes a partial mole | A partial mole results when an egg is fertilized by a single sperm, which undergoes reduplication or by dispermy
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| What causes a complete mole | an empty egg is fertilized by a single sperm which undergoes reduplication or by dispermy
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| What does APGAR stand for? | Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
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| What is a normal APGAR | greater than 7
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| Prematurity is when babies are born before ? | 37 weeks
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| what is extreme prematurity | When babies are born before 28 weeks
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| What is considered a low birth weight | <2500 gm
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| What is considered a very low birth weight | <1500 gm
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| What is considered an extremely low birth weight | <1000 gm
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| What is another term used to describe RDS | hyaline membrane disease
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| What is the underlying cause of RDS in premature infants | Surfactant deficiency
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| When do the type II pneumocytes start making surfactant | at 24-28 wks
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| What is the most vulnerable area for Intraventricular Hemorrhage | Subependymal germinal matrix
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| What is Fetal Hydrops | a state of profound fetal edema with excessive fluid in the pleural, pericardia, and abdominal spaces as well as subcutaneous tissue
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| What are the two main types of Hydrops | Immune and Non-Immune
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| What is placental chorangioma | benign vascular tumor of the fetal vessels of the placenta
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