Final Exam Prof Prac Flashcards
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| what is pharmaceutical compounding? | show 🗑
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| show | Compounding pursuant to 1) a specific patient, 2)for a specific prescription and 3) for one dispensing of the medication (does not apply to batching, manufacturing, or refills compounded at the same time)
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| show | compounding 'ahead of time' in anticipation of outstanding refills or unfilled oral prescriptions
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| What is manufacturing? (in terms of pharmaceutical compounding) | show 🗑
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| Which pharmaceutical dosage forms, discussed in class, are commonly prepared extemporaneously? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) drug or dosage form not commercially available
2)dose unavailable
3)patient comfort and compliance (taste)
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| show | cannot "manufacture" = making more than you need. You can only batch up to a 30 day supply of what you will anticipate needing
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| What is stability? | show 🗑
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| show | Expiration is a function of stability and storage conditions. Base it on published formulation data and stability tests whenever possible
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| What is the most important consideration with respect to the storage of pharmaceutical preparations? | show 🗑
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| What is an active ingredient? | show 🗑
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| show | substances present in a formulation which exist solely for their effect on the product
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| show | Yes, if it exerts both direct effects on the patient and for the benefit to the product, it is said to be an active ingredient
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| What is refinement? | show 🗑
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| What is trituration? | show 🗑
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| show | noun: mixed powder product
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| show | visually duplicating an equivalent mass and combining.
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| When is geometric combination warranted? | show 🗑
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| show | a combination of 2 or more substances where the melting point is less than that of any part when taken alone
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| What factors must be optimized in order to yield a eutectic combination with the lowest possible melting point? | show 🗑
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| What is the basic principle at play (and responsible for) eutectic formation? | show 🗑
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| What is efflorescence? | show 🗑
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| show | hygroscopic (subject to moisturization) but will dissolve and form a water based solution. Ex: lithium bromide
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| show | powders subject to moisturization from ambient humidity. (affinity for water, will absorb water from air)
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| Be able to derive the Sensitivity of a balance from MWQ and vice versa for a given desired tolerance | show 🗑
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| Ideal Body weigh Equation (IBW) | show 🗑
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| show | 2.205 lb = 1 kg
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| inch to cm conversion | show 🗑
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| show | M: (140-age)*IBW / 72*SCr
F: M eq * 0.85
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| Know the BSA equation and how to use a BSA nomogram | show 🗑
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| show | bulk powders, capsules, charts, tablets(compressed powder)
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| Which pharmaceutical dosage forms represent unit dose powders? | show 🗑
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| show | -dissolve/disintegrate in mouth
-local (oral) drug delivery usually
-pastilles (soft, high sugar)
-troches (relatively small)
-analgesics, anesthetics, antimicrobial
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| basic characteristics of pills | show 🗑
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| show | -compressed unit dose powder
-solidification mold (less common, extemporaneous)
-can extemporaneously prepare, but uncommon
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| show | -contains specific dose of medication
-loose powder in a paper envelope
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| basic characteristics of powder capsules | show 🗑
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| basic characteristics of liquid capsules | show 🗑
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| show | - cannot be extemporaneously prepared
-semisolid and non-rigid
-beads of gel inside
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| Rule of 7s (backward and forward) | show 🗑
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| Active ingredients in an oral, unit dose powder should have what units? | show 🗑
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| Active ingredients in a topical powder should have what units? | show 🗑
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| What physical forms may potentially be found as ingredients in commercially available capsules? | show 🗑
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| what physical forms are commonly used as ingredients in commercially available capsules? | show 🗑
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| What general advantages do capsules have over other solid oral dosage forms? | show 🗑
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| show | inactive ingredient with a purpose to the preparation: fillers, binders, glidants, disintegrants, coloring agents, flavoring agents
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| What is ratio strength? | show 🗑
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| show | g/100 ml
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| show | g/100g
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| % v/w | show 🗑
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| show | ml/100ml
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| Freezer/frozen temperature | show 🗑
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| Cold temperature | show 🗑
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| Refrigerated** temperature | show 🗑
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| Cool temperature | show 🗑
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| show | 20 - 25 degrees C
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| warm temperature | show 🗑
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| excessive heat | show 🗑
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| all liquid dosage forms | show 🗑
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| show | all ingredients are molecularly dispersed, does not need to be maintained by shaking.
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| definition of a solute | show 🗑
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| definition of solvent | show 🗑
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| show | liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents
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| functional definition of solution | show 🗑
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| show | concentrated aqueous preparation of sugar or sugar substitute, highly concentrated = viscous. sugar at near saturation
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| show | -dose determined by volume measurement
-precise dosing (custom dosing)
-nonstandard dosing easy (ex: pediatric)
-easy to swallow
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| show | solutions = syrups, elixirs, tinctures, lotions, non-solutions = suspensions and emulsions
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| disadvantages of liquid dosage forms compared to solid (5) | show 🗑
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| stability of active ingredients in a liquid dosage form compared to dry dosage forms or suspensions | show 🗑
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| show | potassium citrate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride
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| show | glucose
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| definiition of solubility | show 🗑
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| show | freely soluble, sparingly soluble, very slightly soluble
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| exact solubility notation | show 🗑
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| show | a combination of 2 or more substances where the melting point is less than that of any part when taken alone
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| show | yes, a suspension can contain dissolved things
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| can a suspension be part of a solution | show 🗑
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| show | yes, a suspension may have some soluble components
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| can a suspension be part of a syrup? | show 🗑
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| show | IV, IM, Sq, epidural, intrathecal, rectal, ophthalmic, otic, topical
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| show | Sq, IM, rectal, ophthalmic, otic, topical
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| routes of administration inappropriate or dangerous for some specific dosage forms | show 🗑
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| show | intrathecal preparations, never use bacteriostatic water for injection. preservatives will destroy motor neurons and permanently paralyze
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| show | suspending agents not required, easily absorbed
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| show | generally less stable
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| what is the general effect of temperature on a solution system | show 🗑
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| show | cannot dissolve anymore: maximum concentration acheived
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| what is miscibility? | show 🗑
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| show | 94.9% w/v ethyl alcohol
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| show | Maximum alcohol content in OTC products: Children <6 years old = 0.5%, 6-12 years = 5%, >12 years 10%
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| mg % | show 🗑
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| shaking solutions and simple syrups? | show 🗑
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| Shaking suspensions? | show 🗑
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| show | smallest volume that can be measured is 20% of its full rated volume
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| difference between a volumetric measuring device and a holding vessel | show 🗑
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| be able to convert between mg % and ratio strength | show 🗑
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| show | X:Y
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| what is parts strength? | show 🗑
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| convert between ratio strength and parts strength | show 🗑
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| show | MW = g/mol, valence = Eq/Mol, EW=MW/valence = g/Eq
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| show | g/mol
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| units for equivalent weight | show 🗑
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| what is an equivalent? | show 🗑
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| isotonic | show 🗑
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| show | less osmolarity
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| hypertonic | show 🗑
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| preservation paradox for syrups | show 🗑
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| free water | show 🗑
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| show | as temp increases, free water increases
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| know the effect of increasing solute concentrations on dissolution time | show 🗑
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| show | -sugar may precipitate
-drug may precipitate
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| effect of decreasing the sugar content of a syrup | show 🗑
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| be able to predict free water values in a solution/syrup system: Example if 89.14 g of sucrose in 100 ml of water is saturation how much free water is in syrup usp (85%w/v)? | show 🗑
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| Syrup USP | show 🗑
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| Cherry Syrup USP | show 🗑
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| know the concept of specific gravity | show 🗑
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| show | unitless
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| units of density | show 🗑
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| convert between specific gravity and dencity | show 🗑
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| utility of alcohol as an ingredient in liquid pharmaceutical dosage forms | show 🗑
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| cautions of EtOH in liquid dosage forms | show 🗑
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| show | simple syrup (50-1005 v/v), Cherry Syrup, Cologel, Sorbitol, glycerin (2-10% v/v)
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| show | liquid preparations that consist of solid particles dispersed throughout a liquid phase in which particles are not completely soluble
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| show | provide a liquid form of a drug that is otherwise insoluble in water. An alternative to alcohol solutions
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| Example when something would be a suspension instead of a solution | show 🗑
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| Suspending agent | show 🗑
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| examples of suspending agents | show 🗑
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| show | determines the smallest particle diamter size you are able to achieve
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| show | separates particles of different diameters
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| show | particle size (increase rate), density (increase rate), viscosity (decrease rate)
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| show | inverse. as settling rate decreases settling time increases
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| show | velocity proportional to g * radius * (difference in densities) all over viscosity
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| deflocculation | show 🗑
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| show | short sedimentation time, but redisperses easily
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| Know the USP definition for lotions | show 🗑
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| show | Liquid or semiliquid preparations which contain one or more active ingredient in a suitable vehicle
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| show | Suspensions
Emulsions
solutions
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| Solutions | show 🗑
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| Suspensions | show 🗑
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| Emulsions | show 🗑
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| show | ? Where skin touches skin
Gluteal fold, abdominal fold, between breasts. Antifungal agents or lubrication
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| show | Applies to powders which are insoluble in the qs media
The wetting of an insoluble powder agent in a minimal amount of qs media or levigating agent forming a smooth homogenous paste
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| What is quantitative transfer | show 🗑
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| What is creaming? | show 🗑
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| What is cracking? | show 🗑
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| Be familiar with some common ingredients that could be found in a lotion | show 🗑
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| What does the “internal phase” of an emulsion mean? | show 🗑
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| show | The suspension medium that the droplets float around in
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| show | Oil droplets in a water phase
Passes conductivity test
When oil added to it, it is not additive
When water added to it, it is additive
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| show | Water droplets in an oil phase
Fails conductivity test
When oil is added to it, it is additive
When water is added to it, it is not additive
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| show | Promotes the formation of micelles and their charge based separation
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| show | They have polar and nonpolar sides that line up at the water and oil interfaces
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| Know the definition for emulsification | show 🗑
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| Know the definition for homogenization | show 🗑
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| Know some examples of commercially available pharmaceutical emulsions | show 🗑
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| show | 4 parts mineral oil
2 parts water
1 part acacia
Refine acacia in mortar, add oil to acacia (2secs) and mix, add water, mix rapidly until viscous
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| show | Oil in water passes
Water and oil fails
Only a water continuous phase will conduct
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| Know how to use the drop dissolution test in the analysis of emulsions | show 🗑
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| show | Micelle diameter
Weak hydrogen bonding between micelles
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| show | 6.022 * 10^23
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| When should a substance be incorporated into the internal phase of an emulsion in general? | show 🗑
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| When should a substance be incorporated into the external phase of an emulsion in general? | show 🗑
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| show | Calcium hydroxide solution 3g/1000ml
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| show | Hydrophile-lipophile balance
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| Soaps | show 🗑
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| Gums | show 🗑
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| show | Tween 80, span 80
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| show | 1 – 9 LOW END = water in oil
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| What range of HLB values tend to form oil in water emulsions | show 🗑
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| show | 1 pt = 16 oz
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| 1 qt = x pts = x ozs | show 🗑
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| show | 1 gallon = 4 qts = 8 pts = 128 ozs
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| 1 apoth oz = x g | show 🗑
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| 1 avoir oz = x g | show 🗑
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| show | 1 oz = 29.57ml
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| x gr/g | show 🗑
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| show | 3
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| valence of magnesium chloride | show 🗑
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| valence of magnesiumsulfate | show 🗑
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