Nematodes
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| What is the intestinal nematode that looks like a “white snake”? | show 🗑
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| show | Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hook worms)
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| Which nematode autoinfectsand causes life-threatening “hyperinfection” with HTLV-1 coinfection, steroid treatment or other immunocompromise? | show 🗑
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| show | Onchocercia volvulus
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| show | Onchocerca volvulus
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| show | 1. Host susceptibility 2. Helminth virulence 3. Worm burden
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| Which worms cause autoinfection? | show 🗑
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| Which drug has the broadest spectrum against intestinal helminths? | show 🗑
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| Why is Mebendazole used less than albendazole for intestinal helminths? | show 🗑
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| show | Ivermectin
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| How is infection with Ascaris lumbricoides diagnosed? | show 🗑
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| What are the symptoms of migrating Ascaris larvae in the lungs? | show 🗑
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| show | Consuming food contaminated with egss
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| show | Embryonated egg is ingested. larvae hatch in bowel, migrate through wall to bloodstream and lung. larvae are coughed up and swallowed, mature to adults in bowel. Eggs are excreted in feces, are fertilized and go through cleavage over two weeks in soil.
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| What is Loeffler's syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | larvae migrate through the blood stream to the lungs
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| How to Ascaris lumbricoides larvae infect the bowel? | show 🗑
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| How long after infection does the host begin shedding eggs? | show 🗑
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| How many eggs do adult worms produce? | show 🗑
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| What are the symptoms of Ascaris lumbricoides infection of the bowel? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| what are the medical treatments for Ascaris lumbricoides? | show 🗑
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| show | Endoscopic extraction and sphincteroplasty or medical treatment
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| show | Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
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| How are humans infected? | show 🗑
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| How is hookworm diagnosed? | show 🗑
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| show | Albendazole or alternatively: mebendazole, pyrental pamoate but NOT ivermectin.
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| What is the life cycle for hookworms? | show 🗑
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| How big are hookworms in the gut? | show 🗑
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| show | 1-9 yrs
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| show | 0.03-0.2ml blood/day
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| What symptoms do hookworms cause? | show 🗑
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| How do hookworms infect neonates? | show 🗑
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| What determine the level of anemia in hookworm infected people? | show 🗑
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| Where is Strongyloides stercoralis endemic? | show 🗑
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| True/False: Strongyloides stercoralis is more prevalent than Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms or Trichuris trichiura | show 🗑
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| show | It has the capacity for autoinfection
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| show | up to 30 cm. look like earthworms
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| How long do Ascaris lumbricoides adults live? | show 🗑
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| How is pulmonary infection with Strongyloides stercoralis different than the other intestinal nematodes? | show 🗑
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| Describe the life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis. | show 🗑
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| show | cough, dyspnea, wheezing, gastrointestinal symptoms, migrating skin larvae and/or eosinophilia
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| show | Colitis, polymicrobial sepsis, pneumonitis, meningitis
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| show | titers of parasite specific IgE correlate with resistance to infection
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| Describe autoinfection with Strongyloides stercoralis. | show 🗑
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| How are immunocompromised persons additionally affected by Strongyloides stercoralis? | show 🗑
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| show | Larvae in stool, tissue or secretions. Most sensitive is the agar plate method. 2. anti-strongyloides antibodies suggests active OR prior infection.
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| What is the drug of choice for Strongyloides stercoralis? | show 🗑
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| Where is Enterobious vermicularis endemic? | show 🗑
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| show | 5-10 yrs
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| What are the three way Enterobious vermicularis eggs are expelled by adult females? | show 🗑
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| show | It has a thick outer albuminous layer
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| How do people become infected by Enterobious vermicularis (pinworm)? | show 🗑
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| show | Irriation/infection of perianal and perineal skin.
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| How are girls additionally affected by Enterobius vermicularis? | show 🗑
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| show | They migrate out through the anus to the perianal or perineal skin.
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| If this worms causes a granulomatous reaction in the peritoneum, it may be confused with metastatic carcinoma. | show 🗑
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| show | Persons with AIDS
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| How are humans infected by Trichinella spiralis? | show 🗑
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| Which Trichinella species is endemic in the arctic regions? | show 🗑
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| This worm can cause infection after ingestion of poorly cooked pork, sausage, wild boar, bear, walrus, cougar, horse and others | show 🗑
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| What is the initial phase of trichinosis? | show 🗑
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| show | 1-3 weeks after ingestion of contaminated meat
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| What are the symptoms of the systemic phase of trichinosis? | show 🗑
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| How is trichinosis different amon the native Inuit of northern Canada? | show 🗑
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| How is trichinosis diagnosed? | show 🗑
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| What is the treatment for trichinosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Cook pork or potentially contaminated meat to at least 76.6C (170F) Also freezing can kill Trichinella spp. except T. nativa
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| show | Ancylostoma braziliense and caninum. Hookworms of dogs and cats
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| show | serpiginous, papulovesicular, erythematous, pruritic lesions
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| show | It is a consequence of migrating larvae of intestinal nematodes of animals that cannot complete their life cycle in humans.
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| show | Tropical and subtropical areas of the Caribbean, Africa and Latin America. In North America: along Gulf of Mexico and southern Atlantic coasts.
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| show | contact with infected soil in playgrounds, beaches or crawl spaces
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| show | ivermectin or albendazole or topical thiabendazole
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| What is the hookworm found to be a cause of eosinophilic enterits? | show 🗑
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| What are the findings of someone with eosinophilic enteritis? | show 🗑
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| How is the diagnosis of eosinophilic enteritis made? | show 🗑
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| What is the treatment for A. caninum causing eosinophilic enteritis? | show 🗑
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| What are the organisms that cause visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| How are people infected with the worms that cause visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| What historical clues would make you suspect a pt has visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| show | The helminthes are unable to complete their life cycle in humans so their larvae wander through various organs
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| show | Fever, cough, abdominal pain, arthralgia, oligoarticular arthritis, urticaria, neurologic symptoms.
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| show | Hepatomegaly, pneumonitis or dermatitis
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| show | True
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| show | Eosinophilia, elevated IgE
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| What is the characteristic pathologic lesion of visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| What is the triad highly suggestive for visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| show | Visceral larva migrans
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| show | MR or ultrasound for hepatic granulomas, anti-Toxocara antibody detection, isohemagglutinins against AB blood group antigens
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| What is the treatment for visceral larva migrans? | show 🗑
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| show | Deworming dogs, covering sandboxes, and preventing defecation of dogs in areas where children play.
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