toxicology
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| Poisoning | show 🗑
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| Overdose | show 🗑
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| show | <6
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| show | overdoses
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| show | ingestion,injection,inhalation,absorption
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| Ingestion | show 🗑
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| Immediate effects | show 🗑
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| Delayed effects | show 🗑
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| show | capillary alveolar membrane
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| show | through cappilaris in skin
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| Injected absorbption occurs | show 🗑
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| show | 1 hr
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| show | -reduce absorption of toxins -Enhance elimination of toxin-cathartics,whole bowel irrigation
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| Activated Charcoal | show 🗑
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| Cathartic Agent (in charcoal) | show 🗑
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| show | -vomit center in medulla -CTZ Chemoreceptor triggering zone, stimulates vomiting indirectly, located in basal ganglia/midbrain
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| show | miz with air and distribute freely throughout airway
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| Mists | show 🗑
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| show | fine particles of dust in the air
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| Inhaled posions S/S | show 🗑
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| Inhaled abuse-(Ipecac,charcoal and lavage not indicated) | show 🗑
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| show | -pits of cherries,peaches,apricots apples n pears -WPD, vapors disperse rapidly -enters thru resp n GI tracts n skin -heart n brain most sensitive to it -inhibits cellular respirations -bitter almond odor
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| Cyanide S/S | show 🗑
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| Cyanide Antidote Kit | show 🗑
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| Nitrates (amyl and sodium) converts | show 🗑
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| Carbon Monoxide | show 🗑
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| Alkalis cause | show 🗑
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| Acid's cause | show 🗑
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| show | -penetrates deeply like alkaline burn -deactivated by Calcium fluoride -cell fx is disruptes,bones are destroyed -Tx.Mg++/Ca++ or benzethonium chloride,immerse limb in ice water
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| hydrocarbons | show 🗑
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| show | Tofranil,elavil,norpramin,pamelor,amitriptyline -blocks reuptake of NE/serotonin in presynaptic neuron A2 primarily -do not use flumazenil,may cause seizures
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| show | prozac,zoloft,paxil -do not block cholinergic receptors
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| MAO-I | show 🗑
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| overdose common in ages | show 🗑
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| show | an early sign of toxicity
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| Monoamine Oxidase | show 🗑
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| show | for bipolar,moves into cells like Na+ but not pumped out easily, changes reuptake of NE causing anti adrenergic effects -tx-control seizures,alkaline urine w.sodium bicarb, osmotic diuresis with mannitol,possible hemodyalisis
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| Salicylate Toxicity amount ingested | show 🗑
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| Acetaminophen | show 🗑
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| show | -exceeds bodys ability to store, causes disruption of cellular functions,anaerobic metabolism and acidosis -leads to Myocardial depression,venodilation and cerebral edema -corrosive to intestinal mucosa,liver injury -20 mg/kg van be lethatl, CV collaps
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| Iron OD treatment | show 🗑
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| Lead-slow onset | show 🗑
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| show | -only metallic element that is liquid at rm temp,inhalation most common route -accumalates in organs mainly brain n kidneys
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| show | -activated charcoal -lavage
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| Food posioning due to | show 🗑
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| show | -swells stomach and intestinal linings -incubation-6-48 hrs -lasts 5-7days -abd pain,fever,diarrhea,N/V -tx.Antibiotics -sudden ABD pain
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| show | Acute bacterial infection of bowel,resistant to stomach acid,infects colin leading to colitis -diarrhea,fever,abd pain,rectal pain -incubation 1-7 days,lasts 7 days
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| show | toxic Megacolon: severe inflammation causes colon to dilate or stretch, thin colon will eventually tear -diaffhea suddenly stops, abd swells -causes dysentary
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| show | -life threatning, caused by clostridium botulinum -blocks ACh release from motor neurons, leads to muscle paralysis from head to toe, develops w/out gastric upset, severe CNS symptoms -incubation 4hrs-8days
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| Norwalk Virus (Viral) | show 🗑
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| show | Cylopeptide group (deadly) -contains amanita (cause 90% of deaths) toxic to liver -s/s-excess saliva,tears,sweating,abd cramps,n/v,diarrhea brady.
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| Food posioning onsets | show 🗑
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| show | several hrs post ingestion, some delayed 1-3 days
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| show | Wasps,bees,hornets, fire ant
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| show | occurs 10-14 days after sting fever,malaise,HA,urticaria,polarthiritis
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| Brown Recluse | show 🗑
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| Brown recluse S/S | show 🗑
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| show | orange red hourglass,black abdomen,very potent venom, causes excessive neurotransmitter release-severity influenced by age,weight,gen health
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| Black Widow S/S | show 🗑
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| show | constricting band 3/4-1.5 inches wide, occlude lymphatic flow only, cool compress,venom stored at bulb tail -Only Bark scopion is fatal-pain occurs 3hrs post bite
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| show | Effects Na+ channels, ACh released from preganaglionic neuron, depolarization occurs and SNS is stimulated, leads to hyperactivity and convulsions -Severe envenomation-Propranolol-SNS blockage, no analgesic-systemic symptoms? antiserum
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| Pit vipers | show 🗑
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| Vipers venom | show 🗑
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| Snake bite Tx | show 🗑
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| Coral snake | show 🗑
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| King snake | show 🗑
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| show | Coelenterates,echinoderms, stingrays -vey painful inhuries
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| Nematocysts | show 🗑
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| Jellyfish | show 🗑
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| show | bottom dwellers, flower like appearance, razor sharp exoskeleton
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| Colenterates Tx | show 🗑
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| show | calcium carbonate crystals that secrete toxins, could result in sstemic reaction
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| show | produce liquid toxin from anal tentacle, Tx, apply heat or hot water
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| show | sting produces laceration 15-20 cm long, localized and systemic reaction. TX-irrigation w/fresh water, remove stinger, immerse in hot water
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| show | removal of drug causes adverse physical reactions
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| show | use required to prevent or relieve tension or emotional stress
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| show | must use more to get desired effect
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| Narcotics | show 🗑
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| show | Benzodiasepines (anxiety,stress, insomnia,alcohol withdrawl,epilepsy,) Barbituates (anxiety, insomnia) TX: lasiz, sodium bicarb
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| Amphetamines | show 🗑
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| show | 1st-heroin, 2nd-alcohol,3rd-cocaine
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| show | CNS A2 blocker-produces profound SNS discharge- Freebase-cocaine mixed with alkaline soluion (dilated pupils)-fatal dose 1200mg.TX for seizures Valium 5-10mg
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| Hallucinogens | show 🗑
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| Rohypnol-potent benzo | show 🗑
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| Alcohol | show 🗑
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| 3 dependence factors | show 🗑
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| Alcohol Dependence | show 🗑
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| show | inhibits effects of AChE-cholinergic overdrive-TX: remove clothes, wash water n soap,Atropine, 2-5mg every 5-15min,diazepam 5-10mg for seizures, Pralidoximine 2pam chloride-600mg IM or 1-2 gm IVP over 15-30
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| Methanol tx: | show 🗑
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| Methanol posoining | show 🗑
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| show | onset f S/S-40mmin to 72 hrs, dilated sluggish pupils,blindness
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| show | in antifreezes, pains,-Lethal dose 60 ml, toxicity caused by glycolic and Oxalic acids, causes hypocalcemia, Oxalate prevents Ca++ from being absorbed
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| show | CNS effects-1-12hrs, cardio pulm 12-30hrs-renal effetcs 24-72. TX gastric lavage within 1hr, charcoal, IV isotonic solution, sodium bicarb, 80% ethanol 30-60 ml,(blocks conversion to metabolites) Thiamine to degrade glycolic acid, calcium gluconate or
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| show | calcium chloride for hypocalcemia, diazepam for seizures
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