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Cellular respiration

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Question
Answer
define Respiration   Metabolic process that produce energy(ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate ) for all life processes.  
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what do you call the Metabolic processes that produce energy   Cellular Respiration  
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what process by which energy is released from nutrient molecules converted to usable form and stored in cells is called   Cellulart Respiration or Respiration.  
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name some sources of energy   Food Glucose Photosynthesis.  
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Energy ATP name the structure   Phosphate group ribose and adenine.  
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On a piece of paper draw the Cycle of ATP    
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when energy is released what is it temporarliy stored as.   it is stored as ATP until it is needed to be used.  
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What is ATase   an enzyme  
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what is the role of ATase   is an enzyme that catalyze the decomposition (breakdown) of ATP into ADP  
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ATP stands for what   Adeonsine Triphosphate  
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what does ADP stand for   Adenosine diPhosphate  
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ADP + P =   AdenosineTriphosphate  
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energy from food can be stored in the bonds    
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stored energy is later released when what happens   the bond breaks  
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Movement: Mechanical Wall-   energy for muscle contractions  
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define transport work   moving substances across cell membranes  
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Growth methods to Make ATP    
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Name the two types of Respiration?   Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration  
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Anaerobic Respiration define it   with out oxygen takes place in the absence of oxygen  
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what is only partially broken down in Anaerobic respiration   Glucose is only partially broken donw  
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Anaerobic Respiration produces a total of ____ ATP   2  
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Anaerobic Respiration is inefficient but fast    
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Where does Anaerobic Respiraton take place?   in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes and cytoplasm and / or cell membrane of prokaryotes  
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Aerobic Respiration   Requires oxygen for the release of energy.  
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In Aerobic Respiration ,glucose is broken down further producing what   36 ATP  
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Aerobic REspiration is highly efficient and where does it take place in the ????   Aerobic Respiration is highly efficient and takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA  
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WHAT ISTHE STRUCTURE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA   CRISTAE-  
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WHAT IS CRISTAE=   HIGHLY FOLDED INNER MEMBRANE  
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WHAT IS THE ETS   ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN  
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WHERE DOES THE ETS TAKE PLACE   IN THE MITOCHONDRIA  
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WHAT IS THE MATRIX   IT IS A FLUID FILLEDCOMPARTMENT INSIDE OF THE INNER MEMBRANE.  
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WHERE DOES THE KREB CYCLE TAKE PLACE   IN THE MITOCHONDRIA  
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NAME THE STAGES OF   STAGE 1: GLUCOSE CONVERTED TO PYRUVIC ACID STAGE 2: STAGE 2 IS THE KREB CYCLE STAGE 3: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN/ATP SYNTHASE ACTION.  
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HOW ARE ELECTRONS CARRIED   BY NADH  
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WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF GLYCOLYSIS   THE SPLITTING OF GLUCOSE  
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GLYCOLYSIS OVERVIEW   1STEP IN CELLULAR REPIRATION FOR BOTH ANAEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IS GLYCOLSYS  
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WHAT DOES GLYCO STAND FOR   GLUCOSE  
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what does lysis stand for   breakdown  
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glycolysis is?   the splitting up or breakdown of glucose.  
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where does glycolysis occur?   in the cytoplasm  
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Oxidation of Glucose(6C) to ? in glycolysis   Pyruvate (3U)  
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what is the activation step?   we need ATP to create ATP  
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2 molecules of ATP is the reactants to start the breakdown of glycose   glucose+2 ATP yields 2 Pyruvate+4 ATP + 2 NADH  
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the 2 molecules of ATP supply the activation energy needed to start the reaction.    
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the 2 ATP is the reactants and the product is what of the reaction   4 ATP produced net gain of = 2ATP  
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2 ATP molecules are invested to split a glucose into What???   2 (3 carbon)PGAL molecules  
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PGALS are converted and oxidized into what   2 pyruvic ACID Pyruvate molecules  
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2 NADH molecules are made (reduced) from what   2NADH molecules are made from the acceptance of H+ and 2e- by the electron carrier NAD+ (Coenzyme)  
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what is NAD+ +H+ yields what?   NADH  
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NADH yields NAD+ + H    
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4 ATPs are made net totoal =   2 ATPS  
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what is the oxidized form of NADH   NAD+ = oxidized form NADH = reduced form  
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what is Phosphorylation   addition of a phosphate  
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what is Phosphofructokinase(PFK)=   allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a second phosphate to fructose  
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ADP=   activator  
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ATP=   inhibiator  
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Anaerobic Respiration FERMENTATION WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF ?   GLYCOLYSIS ALCOHOL FERMENTATION OR LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION  
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WHERE DOES ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION OR FERMENTATION OCCUR IN   THE CYTOPLASM  
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FERMENTATION OCCURS IN WHAT TYPES OF ORGANISMS   BACTERIA YEAST AND MOLD  
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THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF FERMENTATION WRITE THE PROCESS ON A PIECE OF PAPER    
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF FERMENTATION   ALCOHOL AND LACTIC ACID  
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IN ALCOHOL FERMENTATION HOW IS NADH USED   NADH IS OXIDIZED TO REDUCE ACETALDEHYDE TO FORM ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL)  
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LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PROCESS WRITE IT DOWN    
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DAIRY PRODUCTS USE BACTERIA TO PRODUCE WHAT   LACTIC ACID TO ASSIST IN MAKING CHEESE YOGURT  
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HOW IS PYRUVATE FROM GLYCOLIS REDUCED IN LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION   IT IS REDUCED BY THE OXIDATION OF NAH TO FORM LACTIC ACID  
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LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION OCCURS IN   SKETAL MUSCLE DURING STRENUOUS EXERCISE  
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WHEN IS LACTIC ACID BUILT UP IN MUSCLES   WHEN O2 IS DEPLETED CAUSING SORENESS AND FATIGUE IN THE MUSCHLES  
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BY INCREASING BLOOD FLOW TO THE SORE MUSCLES DOES WHAT   RESTORES OXYGEN LEVELS AND REMOVES LACTIC ACID BY SWITCHING TO AEROBIC RESPIRATION.  
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Aerobic Respiration what does it use to produce usable energy   oxygen  
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what is the first phase of Aerobic REspiration   Glycolysis (which is a anaerobic phase) Glucose+ 2 ATP yields Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH  
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what are the products of the first phase of Glycolysis   2 ATP NADH Pyruvate (pyruvic acid)  
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what is the end product of the Pre - Kreb cycle preparation   Pyruvate which is the 3 Carbon end product of glycolysis .  
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the Pyruvate 3 Carbon end product of glycolsis enters what   the Matrix of the Mitrochondria  
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how is one Carbon released from Pyruvic Acid during the pre Kreb cycle preparation   the Carbon is released as CO2  
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what is formed after the one Carbon of the Pyruvic Acid is released as C02   one NADH molecule is formred.  
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The 2 carbon acetyl group joins with Coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA    
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Pre -Kreb Preliminary Reaction Pyruvic Acid --- Acetyl CoA   so In out Pyruvate Co2 as wasted NAD+ NADH COA acetyl-CoA  
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Krebs Cycle- Citric Acid Cycle First stage of the Aerobic phase of cellular respiration Occurs where   In the Matrix of the Mitochondria  
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during the Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle a series of enzyme assisted reactions happen to extract   energy from the Pyruvic Acid.  
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The Kreb cycle process starts and finishes with the same what   4 carbon compound called oxaloacetate  
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what does ozaloacetate (4 Carbons) join with to form Citric Acid (6 Carbon)   Acetyl CoA (2 Carbons)  
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the cycle continues further breaking down citric Acid on carbon at a time how is the carbon relased?   as C02  
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electrons are transferred to electron carriers what are the names of the electron carriers   NAD+ and FAD  
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Citric Acid is finally rearranged to reform what   oxaloacetate  
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many high energy compounds are made during the Kreb Cycle    
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how many times does the Kreb cycle go around?   twice  
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pre- kreb cycle totals 2 NADH GOES TO THE ETC    
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2 fadh2 GOES TO THE   ETC  
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6 NADH GOES TO THE   ETC  
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2 ATP USED BY THE   CELL  
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4 CO2 ARE RELEASED AS WHAT   WASTE  
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ETC USES THE HIGH ENERGY ELECTRONS CARRIED IN THE FORM OF WHAT   NADH AND FADH2 TO CONVERT ADP INTO ATP  
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MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN THOUSAND OF ETC    
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ETC IS A COLLECTION OF CARRIER MOLECULES (INCLUDING CYTOCHROMES THAT ARE EMBEDDED IN THE WHAT OF THE MITICHONDRIA   CRISTAE MEMBRANE  
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ETC CARRIES ELECTRONS THROUGH A SERIES OF REDOX REACTIONS    
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REDUCTION =GAIN ELECTRONS OXIDATION= LOSE ELECTRONS    
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LEO SAYS GER    
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NADH AND FADH2 ARE WHAT   COENZYMES THAT SHUTTLE PROTONS AND ELECTRONS FROM GLYCOLYSIS AND THE KREB CYCLE TO THE ETC(ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN)  
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NAD+= OXIDIZED FORM NADH=REDUCED FORM FAD+= OXIDIZED FORM FADH2= REDUCED FORM    
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THE PROCESS ELECTRONS FROM NADH AND FADH2 ARE PASSED THROUGH A SERIES OF CARRIER PROTEINS IN THE WHAT   cRISTAE (MITOCHONDRIA)  
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HOW IS ENERGY RELASED IN THE KREB CYCLE AS   THE PAIRS OF ELECTONS ARE PASSED DOWN THE ETC ENERGY IS USED TO PUMP H+ ACROSS THE CRISTAE MEMBRANE, CREATING A PROTON GRADIENT.  
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PH AS H+ COLLECTS AND BECOMES MORE ACIDIC?   the ph drops  
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chemiosmosis(oxidative Phosphorylation) uses the stored energy in the proton gradient to convert what?   ADPto ATP  
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dependent on ATP synthase a proton channel structure that can "spin like a turbine"    
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as protons pass through the ATP Synthase Channel part of the molecule turns and attaches phophates to ADP molecules forming ATP    
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O2 pulls electons through the ETC    
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what does o2 combine with   combines with protons and electrons that flow down the ETC  
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what is produced as a waste product.   water  
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1/2 02+ H2 yields what   water  
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write the equation of Aerobic Respiration   glucose + 6 o2 yields 6CO2 + 6 H20 + 36 ATP  
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what is the use for respiraton   provides energy for organizms  
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Anaerobic Respirtion write the equation   glucose yields 2lactic acid + 2 ATP or glucose yields 2 alcohol+ 2 Co2 + 2 ATP  
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uses of Anaerobic Respiratin   Lactic Acid a) yogurt b) Bi product during exercise Alcohol beer wine co2 bread  
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what type of Respiration requires O2   Aerobic  
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where does Aeorobic Respiration occur   in the Mitochondria  
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what is the gross ATP in Aerobic Respiration   38 ATP (-2ATP)  
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what is the gross ATP in anarobic REspiration   4 ATP (-2ATP)  
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what is the Net ATP in aerobic REspiration   makes 36 ATP from 1 molecule of glucose  
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what is the Net ATP in Anaerobic Respiration   makes 2 ATP from 1 molecule of Glucose  
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what is more efficient aerobic or anarobic respiration   Aerobic  
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Organsims are used by what in aerobic respiration   complex organisms Ex humans multicellular plants, some protists.  
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Organsims are used by what in anaerobic respiraton   used by small simple organisms and complex organisms when circulatory system is overburdened.  
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what is the waste product of Aerobic Respiration   Co2  
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what is teh waste products of anaerobic Respiration   Coz and /or lactic acid or alcohol  
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Photosynthesis define nutrition   the activities by which an organism obtains,processes and uses food to carry on their life functions.  
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name the two types of nutrition in photosynthesis   Autotrophic Heterotrophic  
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Autotrophic Nutrition   organisms that produce their own food  
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what does autotropic nutrition use to produce their own food   light and or inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds  
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Type of Autotropic Nutrition   Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis chemotrophic  
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define photosynthesis   converts light energy to chemical energy utilized the sun energy to produce food  
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who is phototrophic   plants , algae, and certain bacteria  
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define chemosynthesis   obtain energy from the oxidation of sulfur and iron and it does NOT depend on the energy of the sun or Photosynthesis.  
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Chemotrophic- define it   bacteria in hostile envirnments Example Hydrothermal Vents instead of photosynthesis, vents ecosystems derive their energy from chemicals in a process called CHEMOSYNTHEISIS  
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IN CHEMOSYNTHESIS BOTH METHODS INVOLVE AN ENERGY SORCE   CO2 AND WATER TO PRODUCE SUGARS PHOTOSYNTHEISIS GIVES OFF OXYGEN WHILE CHEMOSYNTHESIS PRODUCES SULFUR.  
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WHAT IS THE DEFINTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS   PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIGHT ENERGY IS USED TO MAKE GLUCOSE  
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PHOTOSYNTHEIS IS CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGY TO WHAT TYPE OF ENERGY   CHEMICAL ENERGY  
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WHY DOES PHOTOSYNTHEIS WHICH CONVERTS SOLAR ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY HAPPEN   THIS OCCURS BECAUSE ENERGY IS STORED IN CHEMICAL BONDS  
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WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION   PHOTOSYNTHESIS  
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WHY IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS IMPORTANT   FOOD PRODUCTION OXYGEN PRODUCTION  
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WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF PHTOSYNTHESIS   LIGHT INTENSITY AVAILABILITY OF WATER CO2 CONCENTRATION TEMPERATURE  
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write the general reaction of Photosynthesis   6Co2+12 H2o -) C6 H12 06 + 6 H20 + 6 O2 Reactants light products  
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how can we get light for the reaction of photosynthesis   light can be reflected, transmitted or absorbed light is required for photosynthesis  
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objects reflect the color of light that they appear.   ex Green leaves reflect green light  
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ojects that reflect colors cant absorb them.   green leaves reflect green light green leaves cant absorb green light. Green plants exposed to green light would die.  
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what is a PHOTON   a photon is a particle of light that emits energy  
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a photon of purple light has almost 2x as much energy as a photon of redlight.    
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Why do we see colors?   Plants appear green because they relfect green light and absorb the other colors of the spectrum.  
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what do you call compounds that absorb and reflect wavelengths of light are called ?   pigments  
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what colors are being absorbed Reflected   Green is reflected absorbed all other colors  
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define pigment   substances that absorb light in the visable spectrum.  
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photosynthetic pigments absorb light energy and utilize it to carry out photosynthesis.    
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different pigments absorb light at different wavelengths.    
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a spectrophotometer can measure what   the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelenghs  
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what is the most abundant phtosynthetic pigment   cholorphyll  
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two types of Chlorophyll   Chlorophyll A  
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ChlorophyllA   is green pigment that participates directly in the light reaction of photosynthesis. light energy to chemical energy  
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Type2.Accessory pigments (antennae)   assist in Photosynthesis by capturing and passing on Photons of light to chlorophyll A.  
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Accessory pigments expand the range of light used to produce sugar.    
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Name the types of accessory pigments   Chlorophyll B Green and absorbs all other wavelengths of light Carotenoids yellow organge and red found in carrots phycobilins : red found in red algae deep in the ocean.  
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how many phases of photo synthesis are there?   2  
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Phase 1 define it   The light reaction PHOTOLYSIS Photosystem 11pg80: Non cyclic photophosphorylation  
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what happens during Photosystem 11pg80 NonCyclic Photophosporylation   water split Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Cytochromes ATPAGE  
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In phase 1 photosystem 1 P700 : Cyclic photophosphophorylation what happens   electrons from photosystemII pass to photosystem1 Some return to ETC -) make more ATP others bind to NADP-) NADPH and used in the calvin cycle  
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Phase 2 Dark reaction Calvin Cycle   Ribulose biphosphate RuBP + CO2 + NADPH Rubisco - enzyme to catalyze reaction PGAL formed ATP from light reaction used  
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Light Reaction   main result: produce large amounts of ATP ADP + P -) ATP (Stored Energy)  
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true or false energy from food can be stored in the bonds that bind a posphate to the ADP molecule   True  
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ATP -) ADP + P (energy released)   stored energy is later released when the bond breaks between the ADP and P  
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what is the light equation of the flow of energy   Light-) chlorophyll ->energized electrons->ETC(electron transport chain)->proton gradient->ATP Synthase-> ATP  
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where does the light reaction occur   Thylakoid membrane specfically the granum of the chloroplasts  
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in the Thylakoid membrane light reaction occurs and does what   transforms light energy into Chemical energy  
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Role of Water; Photolysis define it   the splitting of water into electrons, protons and oxygen atoms  
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H2o->2H+ + 1/2 02    
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each component has a role in making sugar    
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define the Roles Electrons   replace those lost by chlorophyll in the light - dependent reactions  
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protons (Hydrogen atoms)   pass through ATP synthase channels and get carried by NADP to the STROMA for the dark reaction  
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Oxygen   is released as a byproduct.  
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ATP production   ETC and Chemiosmosis  
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As Chlorophyll in the Grana absort light what happens   Electrons become energized they excape into the electron thransport chain  
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The energy created pumps protons across the Thylakoid membrane creating a proton gradient    
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The Potential energy stored in the proton gradient is converted into ATP as electrons flow through the ATP Synthase Channel.    
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Primary Pigments Absorbs and reflects wavelength    
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where is the Pigment location:   photosystems photosystem 11 P680 photosystem 1 P700: 700nm  
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what is the primary Electron Carriers   NADPH, Proton Pump: (Chemiosmosis)  
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where do the electrons run   they run through Cytochrome in ETC  
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Linear Electron Flow Products what do they Produce , what do they generate   they produce 02 as a byproduct generate ATP (chemical energy) Generate NADPH- Hydrogen needed for Carbon Fixation in the Calvin Cycle (reducing power)  
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what is another name for the calvin cyclle   they dark reaction  
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describe the Calvin Cycle   does not utilize light energy can occur during the day or night takes place in the Stroma of Chloroplasts  
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where does the Calvin Cycle occur   in the STroma of Chloroplasts  
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what was used from the light reaction?   ATP- energy source NADPH - reducing power * Hydrogen  
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write the simplified equation   C02 + H+(protons) + Electrons -> PGAL  
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how many phases are in the calvin cycle?   3  
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Name the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle?   1. Fixation 2. Reduction 3. Regeneration  
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the dark reaction has 3 phases Phase 1 CARBON FIXATION DEFINE IT   CARBON FIXATION: INCORPORATES C02 MOLECULE TO RUBP(RIBOLOSE BI PHOSPHATE) A 5 CARBPM SUGAR PRODUCT= 6 CARBON SUGAR WHICH SPLITS INTO A 3 CARBON SUGAR GP (BECAUSE IT IS UNSTABLE)  
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WHAT IS RIBISCO (RuBP Carbonxylase) is an   enzyme that catalyzes this reaction.  
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phase 2 Reduction   Each molecule receives a Phosphate (P) from the reduction of ATP  
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6ATP ->ADP + 6P    
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