marchbio ch 2 key terms
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| chemistry | the study of the composition and properties of matter and the energy transformations that accompany changes in the fundamental structure of matter
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| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass; three states: solid, liquid, and gas
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| energy | the ability to do work
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| kinetic energy | energy in motion
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| potential energy | stored energy
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| entropy | the increase in randomness and loss of usable energy
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| solution | a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances in another substance; example: sugar and water
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| solvent | the dissolved substance in a solution
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| suspension | the state of a substance when its particles are mixed but are undissolved and will settle out over time; example: flour and water
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| colloid | a mixture of fine particles that do not settle out; often ni one of two stages, the gel phase (the semisolid state) or the sol phase (the fluid state); example: gelatin and water
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| diffusion | the net movement of molecules fron an area of higher concentration of a substance to an area of lower concentration of that substance; example: perfume in the air and dye in water
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| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane (selectively permeable membrane)
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| biosynthesis | the putting together of substances by living things
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| carbohydrates | organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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| monosaccharides | "single sugar"
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| disaccharides | "double sugar"; examples: maltose, sucrose, and lactose
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| hydrolysis | the breaking down of a disaccharide by adding a water molecule
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| dehydration synthesis | a process in which one sugar loses a hydroxyl group (OH) and another sugar gives up a hydrogen atom, resulting in a water molecule and a disaccharide
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| polysaccharides | "many sugars"; also called comples carbohydrates
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| starch | stored by plants; major source of energy for humans
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| glycogen | "animal starch"
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| cellulose | composed of long chains of glucose molecules; bulk/roughage
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| chitin | strong yet flexible polysaccharide; shells of crabs, lobsters, shrimp; outer covering for insects; found in cell walls of fungi
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| lipids | group of organic substances; only slightly soluble in water but very soluble in organic substances such as alcohol, ether, acetone, and chloroform
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| fatty acids | building blocks for other lipids
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| phospholipids | important in the formation of cell membranes
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| sterols | combine with other substances to form hormones and other compounds, such as cholesterol
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| proteins | long chains of amino acids
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acidp; primary nucleic acid in most organisms
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| replication | the process of producing two new identical DNA molecules from one old one
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| RNA | base nucleic acid in a few organisms; carries message from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes, where proteins are made
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| transcription | a process where RNA is formed from DNA
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