Patho
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| involuntary sudden movement or muscular contraction that results from irritation or trauma | show 🗑
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| show | Platelet Plug
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| show | Blood Coagulation
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| show | Intrinsic Pathway
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| requires the blood to be exposed to a subendothelial tissue factor originating outside the blood. This factor begins a complex series of chemical reactions | show 🗑
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| show | Aggregation
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| show | Adhesion
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| show | Anticoagulants
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| show | Heparin
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| What is Heparin's antidote? | show 🗑
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| a drug that inhibits blood clotting by antagonizing the biosynthesis of vitamin K- dependent coagulation factors in the liver; taken to prevent future blood clots | show 🗑
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| What is Warfarin (Coumadin's) antidote? | show 🗑
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| show | Thrombocytosis
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| PLT count >1,000,000 | show 🗑
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| any rash in which blood cells leak into the skin or mucous membrane, usually at multiple sites. They are often associated with coagulation disorders or thrombosis | show 🗑
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| pin point purpura; hemorrhagic spots on the skin that appear in patients with platelet deficiencies | show 🗑
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| show | Hematoma
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| show | Thrombocytopenia
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| show | ITP- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
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| combination of thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, vascular occlusion, fever, and neurological abnormalities; abrupt onset; may be fatal | show 🗑
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| deficient function of platelets | show 🗑
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| urine acid in the blood because of unhealthy kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | Hemophilia A
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| most common hereditary bleeding disorder; autosomal; decreased PLT adhesion and reduction of factor VIII; most are mild and untreated | show 🗑
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| show | DIC- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
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| show | Vascular Disorders
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| show | Cushing's Disease
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| purpura due to old age | show 🗑
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| production of RBC; occurs in bone marrow | show 🗑
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| show | inappropriate clotting and the failure of blood to clot
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| show | the activation of factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
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| show | the liver
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| show | Vitamin K
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| What are 4 natural anticoagulants? | show 🗑
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| What can one do to get Vit K in their diet? | show 🗑
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| What lab test is used for Heparin? | show 🗑
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| show | PT
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| show | Coumadin
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| What anticoagulant is used to slow down growth of present clots? | show 🗑
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| show | Causes-artherosclerosis, DM, smoking, high cholesterol, high plt levels
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| show | > PLT function (thrombocytosis) and > clotting activity
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| What are some causes of > clotting activity? | show 🗑
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| show | TX-prophylaxis; stop smoking w/ birth control meds, coumadin, ASA, and heparin
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| At what level are the PLT when bleeding occurs? | show 🗑
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| What is the normal PLT count? | show 🗑
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| What are the S/S of a PLT deficit? | show 🗑
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| show | <100,000
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| What are the causes of Thrombocytopenia? | show 🗑
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| What are some drugs that are culprits of thrombocytopenia? | show 🗑
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| show | biconcave disk
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| must have ____ for hgb synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | ferritin
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| production of RBC; regulated by erthytopoietin; occurs in bone marrow | show 🗑
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| show | 120 days
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| show | spleen, live, and bone marrow
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| during destruction of RBC _____ prodction > causing jaundice | show 🗑
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| show | 4.2-5.4
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| show | 3.6-5.0
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| show | 14-16.5
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| what is the hgb count for women? | show 🗑
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| what is the hematocrit (hct) count for men? | show 🗑
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| what is the hematocrit (hct) count for women? | show 🗑
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| abnormally high RBC, which makes the heart work overly hard to move blood | show 🗑
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| what is the HCT for men and women with polycythemia? | show 🗑
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| what are the 3 types of polycythemia? | show 🗑
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| the hct rises b/c of a loss of plasma volume w/o corresponding decrease in RBCs | show 🗑
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| show | primary polycythemia
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| what is another term for primary polycythemia? | show 🗑
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| physiological increase in erythropoietin | show 🗑
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| what are the causes of relative polycythemia? | show 🗑
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| show | fluid volume replacement
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| show | 40-60
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| show | S/S-HA, dizziness, difficulty hearing, HTN, venous stasis, itching & painful fingers & toes, night sweats & wt loss
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| show | TX-phlebotomy, chemo, & radiation
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| Commonly associated w/ hypoxia (high altitudes, chronic heart failure, lung disease, & smoking) | show 🗑
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| show | TX-relieve hypoxia (O2 adm, breathing tx, ect)
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| show | hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn
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| show | bilirubin lights or sun exposure
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| show | May be caused by hypoxia, breast feeding, hemolytic disease, bowel or biliary obstruction, liver disease...Prematurity, Asian ancestry, & maternal diabetes increase risk
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| what is hemolytic DX of the newborn? | show 🗑
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| transports blood thru the lungs for gas exchange | show 🗑
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| transports blood thru the body | show 🗑
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| Includes R. side of the heart, pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillaries, & pulmonary vein | show 🗑
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| Includes L. side of the heart, aorta, arteries, capillaries, veins, and vena cavas | show 🗑
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| ____ vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood | show 🗑
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| low pressure system | show 🗑
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| show | systemic (peripheral)
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| ____ are closer the the heart, therefore have higher ____ | show 🗑
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| _____ function for cellular exchange | show 🗑
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| principals governing pressure, flow, and resistance in the circulatory system | show 🗑
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| thick walled; transports blood away from the heart; has more stretch; pulsates | show 🗑
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| show | veins
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| includes capillaries, venules, and arteriole | show 🗑
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| single-cell thick; connect the venules and arterioles | show 🗑
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| show | Hyperemia
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| what are 4 substances that effect blood flow? | show 🗑
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| b/t the blood and the vascular smooth muscle; serves as a physical barrier for those vasoactive substances; plays a role in cellular exchange | show 🗑
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| compensatory mechanism to deal w/ a blood flow occlusion; slow, gradual process | show 🗑
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| show | Nitric oxide and Angiotension II
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| speeds things up; Epinephrine and norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| show | parasympathetic
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| increases BP | show 🗑
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| impairment can lead to ischemia and infarction | show 🗑
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| show | congestive heart failure
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| show | birth control pills
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| show | thrombosis
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| show | Causes-polycythemia, dehydration, plt aggregation, CHF, shock, dysrhythmias (Afib), trauma, surgery, anesthesia, BCP, smoking, arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis, immobilization
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| ateries are ____ in color and are ____ with no pulse | show 🗑
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| veins are _____ in color and are ____ with a large pulse and are swollen | show 🗑
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| show | blood not getting to an area
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| thrombosis in the venous results in ___ | show 🗑
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| show | TX-prevention, anticoagulants (coumadin & heparin), anti plt aggregregates (ASA, plavix)
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| show | embolism
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| What are the causes of embolism? | show 🗑
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| show | CVA (stroke), PE (pulmonary empolis), MI (Heart attack)
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| what is the TX for embolism? | show 🗑
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| sudden constriction of an artery | show 🗑
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| what can a vasospasm cause? | show 🗑
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| what are the causes of vasospasms? | show 🗑
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| vascular disorders that cause inflammatory injury of the blood vessels of any type and origin; classified by vessel size | show 🗑
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| show | S/S-fever, myalgia, arthralgia, and malaise
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| what are the causes of vasculitides? | show 🗑
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| algia | show 🗑
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| 5 p's | show 🗑
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| pressure in the muscle fascia impairing circulation; can lead to permanent loss of function; may be caused by a tight cast or dressing, thermal injury, trauma, infiltration of IV fluids, postischemic swelling, & venous obstruction | show 🗑
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| what are the S/S of compartment syndrome? | show 🗑
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| what is the DX for compartment syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | TX-pressures > 30mmHg; remove pressure, fasciotomy
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| fractures commonly result in ___ | show 🗑
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| HRT | show 🗑
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| show | Atherosclerosis
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| show | Atherosclerosis
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| what are 3 types of Atherosclerosis? | show 🗑
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| show | vessel occlusion-necrosis....thrombus-MI, PE,stroke
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| what are the S/S of Atherosclerosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Aneurysms
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| small spherical dilatation of a blood vessel junction; common in the circle of Willis in the brain | show 🗑
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| show | Fusiform
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| show | Saccular
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| show | Aortic dissection
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| show | Aortic dissection
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| What are the S/S of an aortic dissection? | show 🗑
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| What are some complication of an aortic dissection? | show 🗑
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| show | DX-H & P, aortic angiogram, TEE, CT, MRI
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| what is the TX for an aortic dissection? | show 🗑
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| what are 3 types of aneurysms? | show 🗑
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| show | dissection and an aortic aneurysm
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| any part of the thoracic or abdominal aorta | show 🗑
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| show | aortic aneurysms
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| What are the S/S of an aortic aneurysms? | show 🗑
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| what is the DX for aortic aneurysm? | show 🗑
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| what is the TX for aortic aneurysm? | show 🗑
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| show | PVD: Arterial Disorders of the Extremities
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| sudden event that interrupts arterial blood flow to tissue or an organ; usually caused by a clot, but may be trauma or arterial spasms | show 🗑
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| - Occlusion of the blood in the lower extremities...usually involves the popliteal and femoral arteries | show 🗑
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| Most common in men 60-70; Smoking and DM worsens | show 🗑
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| What are the S/S for Atherosclerosis occlusive disease (Ateriosclerosis Obliterans)? | show 🗑
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| show | DX-skin inspection, Doppler, extremity BPs, nuclear imaging, & contrast angiogram
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| What is the TX for Atherosclerosis occlusive disease (Ateriosclerosis Obliterans)? | show 🗑
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| show | Thromboangitis obliterans-AKA Burger’s disease
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| Mostly men 25-40; Smoking increases risk | show 🗑
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| What are the S/S for Thromboangitis obliterans-AKA Burger’s disease? | show 🗑
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| show | DX-skin inspection, Doppler, extremity BPs, nuclear imaging, & contrast angiogram
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| What is the TX for Thromboangitis obliterans-AKA Burger’s disease? | show 🗑
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| Functional disorder caused by intense vasospasms of the arteries & arterioles in the fingers & occasionally the toes; Disease occurs w/o a cause & phenomena is a result of another cause | show 🗑
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| Occurs in usually otherwise healthy women; It is brought on by cold or extreme emotions | show 🗑
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| what is the cause of Raynaud’s? | show 🗑
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| Associated w/ previous vessel injury-frostbite, vibration, extreme temp, occupational trauma, collagen diseases, neurological disorders, & chronic arterial occlusive disorders | show 🗑
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| Often the 1st s/s of a collagen disorder like scleraderma & SLE | show 🗑
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| show | S/S-pallor to cyanosis; a sensation of cold, changes of sensory perception, hyperemia after episode, may affect the entire hand of just a portion, nails become brittle, arthritis may develop, ulceration & gangrene is rare
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| show | DX-hx of vasospasmic episodes w/o presence of other disorders; laser-Doppler velocimetery, & CT
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| show | TX-elimination of triggers (cold, emotional stress, vasoconstrictors), no smoking, vasodilators, surgical interruption of sympathetic pathways
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| show | Varicose Veins
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| More common after 50, in the obese, & women; usually have a family hx, prolonged standing & increased intra-abdominal pressure (lifting) | show 🗑
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| show | Primary Varicose Veins
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| What are the S/S of Varicose Veins? | show 🗑
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| show | DX-inspection, Doppler ultrasonic flow probe, angiogram
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| What is the TX for Varicose Veins? | show 🗑
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| show | Secondary Varicose Veins
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| show | Chronic venous insufficiency
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| What are the S/S of Chronic venous insufficiency? | show 🗑
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| show | S/S-edema, pain, ?Homan’s sign
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| show | DVT
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| show | TX-DO NOT MASSAGE, anticoagulant therapy, embolectomy
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| caused by obstruction of lymph (removal or destruction of nodes) | show 🗑
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| What are the S/S of Lymphedema? | show 🗑
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| What is the TX for Lymphedema? | show 🗑
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| the work part of BP | show 🗑
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| the rest part of BP | show 🗑
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| show | pulse pressure (~40)
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| show | mean arterial pressure (90-100)
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| show | Cardiac Output (OP) X Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR)
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| ejection of blood into the aorta | show 🗑
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| The variability is controlled by the amount of blood that is ejected & the elasticity of the aorta | show 🗑
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| show | Systolic BP
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| show | Diastolic BP
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| Depends on the elasticity of the aorta & large arteries, ability to store energy, microcirculation blood flow control, & function of the aortic valve. | show 🗑
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| show | Diastolic BP
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| show | Regurgitation
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| show | pulse pressure (~40)
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| It rises with increased blood volume and vise versa | show 🗑
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| 1/3 of the pulse pressure | show 🗑
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| show | Mean arterial pressure
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| Meant to correct temporary imbalances-exercise and position changes | show 🗑
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| show | Short-Term BP Regulation
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| show | Neural and Humoral
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| Control center located in the reticular formation of the lower pons and the medulla; major site for the autonomic nervous system; cardiac center | show 🗑
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| Transmit parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses | show 🗑
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| What is Neural Short-Term BP Regulation mediated through? (3) | show 🗑
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| show | Baroreflex- Neural Short-Term BP Regulation (intrinsic mediator)
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| show | baroreflex and chemoreceptor
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| show | 1. factors associated with pain and cold...2. spread out and inconsistant...3. processed thru the hypothalmus...4. responses to mood and emotion
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| show | Arterial chemoreceptors (Neural Short-Term BP Regulation)
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| an enzyme that is synthesis, stored, and released in the kidneys in response to an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity or decreased BP, extracellular fluid volume, or extracellular Na | show 🗑
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| show | Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
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| In HTN, this mechanism gets out of control | show 🗑
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| show | Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and Renin-angiotension-aldosterone
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| Kicks in to compensate d/t the short-term mechanisms inability to maintain changes over time. | show 🗑
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| show | Long-term BP regulation
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| Fall in BP= ________ | show 🗑
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| Too much fluid in tissue=__________ | show 🗑
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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