USMLE Step 1 Biochemistry
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | a Deaminase
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| Which base nucleotides contain an extra amino group? | show 🗑
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| Which base nucleotide has an extra methyl group? | show 🗑
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| show | Purines: Adenine & Guanine (PURe As Gold)Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Uracil & Thymine (CUT the Py)
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| How does Methyltrexate work on DNA? | show 🗑
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| show | 10% G + 10% C = 20%therefore 80%/2 = 40% T
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| show | CG bonds They have a triple H-bondMelting point = 50% double-stranded & 50% single-stranded DNA
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| show | PositiveArginine & Lysine
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| show | H-1Heterochromatin - inactivenucleases
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| show | 10 nm fiber(this is the chromosome without the H-1; fiber b/t a nucleosome)
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| number of origins the prokaryote and eukaryote can begin with regarding DNA replication? | show 🗑
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| What is the same structure in DNA and RNA synthesis? | show 🗑
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| Something that helps attach nucleotides via a PDE bond to make a new nucleic acid | show 🗑
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| show | DNA: RNA primerRNA: nothing
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| What has the ability to proofread DNA?How and in what direction? | show 🗑
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| show | Prokaryotic: DNA A proteinEukaryotic: nothing
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| Unwinds DNA in Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?What does it require? | show 🗑
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| What stabilizes unwound template strands of DNA? | show 🗑
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| show | Primase
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| Responsible for synthesis of Leading strand of DNA in the prokaryotic cell? Eukaryotic cell? | show 🗑
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| Responsible for synthesis of Lagging strand of DNA in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? | show 🗑
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| show | Pro: DNA poly I 5' -> 3' exonuclease activity
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| What is responsible for replacement of RNA primer w/ DNA? | show 🗑
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| Joins Okazaki fragments | show 🗑
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| show | DNA topoisomerase II
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| Synthesis of telomers in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? | show 🗑
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| show | RNA-dependent DNA polymerase(Reverse Transcriptase)
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| show | DNA polymeraseDNA ligase
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| What excises thymine dimers? | show 🗑
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| show | Occurs: SFixed: G2
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| What is used to proofread human DNA? | show 🗑
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| What do each of the (3) eukaryotic RNA polymerases make? | show 🗑
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| show | Coding strand(strand you will build a template strand from)
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| During RNA synthesis, the DNA template sequence TAGC would be transcribed to produce which of the following sequences? | show 🗑
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| show | intiate: Sigmaterminate: Rho + stem & loop (or UUUUU + stem & loop)
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| show | ATG(corresponding to AUG RNA)
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| show | (-35) sequence & (-10) TATAATstarting site: +1
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| show | (-70) CAAT + (-25 TATA box) Transcription Factors
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| What is the portion just before the initiation codon of a prokaryotic cell called? What recognizes this? | show 🗑
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| What is the term referred to as the creation of a single protein?What type of cell does this? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. 5' Cap (7-MeG)2. 3' poly-A tail3. removing interons w/ splicesome
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| show | transcription - nucleustranslation - cytoplasm
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| show | Transition - purine for purineTransversion - purine for pyrmidine
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| Mutation type in DNA that creates a new codon | show 🗑
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| Mutation type in DNA that creates a stop codon | show 🗑
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| 3 stop codons | show 🗑
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| What type of genetic problem is caused by a deletion or addition of a single base? | show 🗑
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| show | alpha-thalassemia
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| blood problem that is the result of a splicing of the donor or acceptor sites (beginning of interons/exons) | show 🗑
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| show | Aminoacyl-tRNA2 high-energy ATP bonds
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| What does the UCG anti-codon code for? | show 🗑
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| What is the bond between two amino acids called? Where does this form? | show 🗑
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| What is the anti-codon for the start codon? | show 🗑
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| show | A-site (acceptor) 4 GTP
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| show | Primary - Amino Acids Secondary - folded AA into a-helix or b-sheet Tertiary - 3-D the secondary structures Quarternary - multiple subunits (ex - Hb: 2a2b)
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| show | N-terminus (NH2) of newly translated protein is hydrophobic, so the rRNA will move to and attach to the ER to complete translation within the ER
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| show | adds sugars to the N-terminus
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| show | N: Asparagine O: Serine and Threonine
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| show | Adds Mannose-6-Phosphate via phosphotransferase
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| Dx: protein creation problem that accompanies the signs of coarse facial features, gingival hyperplasia, joint immobility, growth/psychomotor retardation, cardioresp failure in first decade. What is missing in protein creation? | show 🗑
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| 2 cells rich in RER | show 🗑
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| show | Smooth ER also responsible for: detoxification of drugs and poisons
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| show | Gamma-carboxylation Clotting factors 2, 7, 9, 10 (Warfarin prevents gamma-carboxy)
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| show | Glycine Proline & Lysine
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| show | Proline & Lysine are hydroxylated in the ER Vitamin C is required
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| show | Glycosylated in Golgi Triple helix (Procollagen)
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| show | Procollagen is secreted from the cell. Then terminal ends are cleaved. Then called: Tropocollagen
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| What is needed to make the tropocollagen into fibrils and stabilizes this structure? (2) | show 🗑
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| show | SOME: 1. Scurvy 2. Osteogenesis Imperfecta 3. Menkes Dz 3. Ehlers-Danlos
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| show | Scurvy Deficiency: hydroxylation of collagen deficiency secondary to lack of Vit-C
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| Dx: Skeletal abnormalities, multiple fractures, blue sclera | show 🗑
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| Dx: Hyperextensible, fragile skin, hypermobile joints, vericose veins, arterial and intestinal ruptures Deficiency? | show 🗑
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| To compare collagen counts of several tissues, what could be measured? | show 🗑
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| Dx: 6 month infant has fractured rib; subdural hematoma; thin, colorless, tangled hair; low serum copper; developmental delay. What enzyme is deficient? | show 🗑
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| What do pseudomonas and diphtheria toxins inhibit in eukaryotic translation? | show 🗑
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| show | CCA then the Amino acid
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| show | Lariat-shaped intermediate snRNA ("Snurp") facilitates
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| show | Glucose: Repressor-ON; CAP-OFF Lactose: Repressor-OFF; CAP-ON (Z, Y, A, made) Both: Repressor-OFF; CAP-OFF (glucose causes CAP off and Lactose causes Repressor off)
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| show | histone acetylases - open hisones anything that condenses or bulks chromatin does not favor gene expression
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| show | may be upstream, downstream or within interon of gene they control (due to looping)
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| When you see "zinc fingers", "leucine zippers", or "helix-loop-helix", what are they talking about? What are the fingers? | show 🗑
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| If you have multiple abnormalities with a single gene point mutation, where is the mutatuion? | show 🗑
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| show | Prader-Willi syndrome Genetic Imprinting (father's gene only)
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| Dx: mental retardation, continuous laughing Type of genetic problem? | show 🗑
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| What does bacteria do to protect its DNA? How does it destroy foreign DNA (bacteriophage)? | show 🗑
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| show | palindromes
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| Library made from nuclear DNA and is good for seeing all sequences in the cell. Which library is good for seeing proteins (exons) without introns? | show 🗑
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| show | Bone SCAB: I: bone, Skin II: Cartilage III: Arteries IV: Basement membrane (4 to the floor)
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| show | Dominant - every generation is affected (not in recessive)
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| What is a key feature to Autosomal genetic problem in pedigree (vs. X-linked)? | show 🗑
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| Dx: Lateral displacement of the innercorner of the eye; Pigment abnormalities; congenital deafness; limb abnormalities What gene is the problem? | show 🗑
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| show | Epithelial cells
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| name 5 Autosomal Dominant diseases | show 🗑
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| show | Structural protein damage
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| show | SCriPT Sickle cell; Cystic Fibrosis; PKU; Tay-Sachs
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| show | Mitochondrial Diseases: Leber's optic neuropathy; MELAS; MML
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| name 4 X-linked recessive common diseases | show 🗑
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| Paternal relationships b/t man and infant can best be determined by DNA fingerprinting. What about the DNA is analyzed? | show 🗑
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| show | Phenylalanine Tyrosine
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| show | Serotonin Niacin
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| show | I Love Vermont: Isoleucine; Leucine; Valine
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| name the (6)* nonpolar, non-aromatic hydrophobic amino acids | show 🗑
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| Only amino acid with a phenol group? | show 🗑
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| name the 3 aromatic amino acids | show 🗑
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| show | methionine (SAM)
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| name 3 amino acid that are basic What is the pK of the R groups? | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamate (4) Aspartate (4)
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| What are the 2 pKs that every amino acid has? | show 🗑
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| What is the net charge on the amino acid if the pH is less then the pI? | show 🗑
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| show | average of the pKs: (2+9)/2 = 5.5 for normal AA [average the 2 closest numbers for charged AA]
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| show | bicarbonate
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| 10 essential amino acids | show 🗑
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| What 2 essential amino acids are required during periods of growth? | show 🗑
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| What is the sign of delta G in a spontaneous reaction? | show 🗑
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| show | Competitive: Km= Increase; Vmax= no change Non-competitive: Km= no change; Vmax= Decrease
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| what does the x and y axis measure on Lineweaver-burke plots? | show 🗑
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| How does affinity relate to Km? | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamic Acid
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| show | Glycine
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| show | Arginine
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| adds a phosphate to a substance | show 🗑
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| 2 serine kinases | show 🗑
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| which receptor type has no g-protein and results in smooth muscle relaxation? Second messenger? | show 🗑
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| What phosphorylates in the insulin/glucagon world? Which needs ATP? | show 🗑
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| removes a phosphate from a substance | show 🗑
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| show | stimulates Gs- Cholera (stimulates the stimulator) inhibits Gi- Pertussis (inhibits the inhibitor) Both cause: Increase in cAMP
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| What two Vitamins can be used in dehydrogenase reactions? | show 🗑
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| show | Pantothenic Acid (B5)
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| What (4)* things does the liver produce in a well-fed state? | show 🗑
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| show | GLYCOLYSIS
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| 2 actions of RBC in a well-fed and fasting state? | show 🗑
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| show | RBC Brain
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| What tissues use receptor: GLUT 2? | show 🗑
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| show | Muscle Adipose
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| show | Glucose & Acetyl-CoA Glucose - added together to be stored as glycogen Acetyl-CoA - added together to become fatty acids (then transported to adipose via VLDL)
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| show | takes in glucose and fatty acids to make ATP and fat
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| show | Goes to Liver And Grows: Glucose - food (blood) Lactate - RBC Amino Acids - food (blood) Glycerol - Chylomicrons (food)
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| show | Glucose - RBC & Brain Ketone bodies - muscle
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| show | Ketone bodies - liver (once enough ATP is made and Aceytl-CoA builds-up) Fatty acids - Adipose (carried on albumin)
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| show | Amino Acids 1. to make Pyruvate (then glucose) 2. for Urea cycle
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| show | RBC - lactate muscle - Alanine
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| show | 1) Increased Insulin 2) Exercise
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| What are the 2 anaerobic steps of substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis? | show 🗑
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| What are two essential items needed to make ATP from NADH? | show 🗑
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| show | First and third step: Glucose --> G6P (via Hexokinase/Glucokinase) F6P --> F-1,6-BP (via PFK-1)
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| show | PFK-1 2 ATP (net)
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| How does the RBC replenish NADH? With what essential enzyme? If enzyme was not there, what would occur? | show 🗑
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| What enzyme of glycolysis is only in the liver and is induced by insulin? Level of affinity of this enzyme? | show 🗑
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| How is PFK-1 controlled? Which form is active (dephosphorylated or phosphorylated)? | show 🗑
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| What (3)* metabolic events occur in the mitochondria? | show 🗑
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| What (5)* metabolic events occur in the cytoplasm? | show 🗑
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| show | Heme synthesis Urea cycle Gluconeogenesis
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| show | Malate/OAA Shuttle - 3ATP G3P Shuttle - 2ATP (creates FADH2)
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| If a patient has cataracts early in life, what is the underlying metabolic problem? What toxic substance accumulation causes this? | show 🗑
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| Dx: young patient with hepatosplenomegaly, cataracts, mental retardation. Which enzyme presents sx at birth? Which in early childhood? | show 🗑
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| show | Fructose Intolerance Enz: Aldolase B
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| What are the (5)* cofactors used for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase? | show 🗑
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| show | Acetyl CoA
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| show | Acetyl CoA --> 2 CO2 3NADH + FADH2 + GTP = 12 ATP (2x everything per one glucose)
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| Which enzyme in the TCA cycle is in the inner mitochondrial membrane versus the matrix of the mitochondria? | show 🗑
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| What enzyme has the same 5 cofactors as Pyruvate DH? | show 🗑
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| In order, what are the 8 steps in the TCA cycle? | show 🗑
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| What does a Pyruvate DH deficiency lead to? What can it be due to? How is it treated? | show 🗑
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| show | Succinate Dehydrogenase (Complex II) Provides: FADH2
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| What part of the TCA cycle deals with Fatty Acid synthesis? | show 🗑
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| What part of the TCA cycle deals with Heme synthesis? | show 🗑
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| What part of the TCA cycle deals with the Urea cycle? | show 🗑
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| What parts of the TCA cycle deals with Gluconeogenesis? | show 🗑
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| What is the rate limiting step of the TCA cycle? What does it depend on? | show 🗑
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| What enzymes in the TCA produce the energy? (5)* | show 🗑
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| show | NADH Barbiturates
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| show | TCA (Succinate DH) [Complex II] Glycerol-P shuttle Beta-oxidation (Fatty Acyl CoA DH)
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| show | Complex IV (Cyto a/a3) copper Cyanide & CO
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| Where is the ATP made in the ETC? What inhibits this? | show 🗑
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| show | Aspirin Brings H+ across the proton gradient, which inhibits the creation of ATP and increases Oxygen consumption
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| What is the rate limiting step in Glycogen creation? | show 🗑
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| In which type of muscle fiber is glucose converted to Lactate? In which type is it completely oxidized? | show 🗑
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| show | Glycogen Phosphorylase Stimulated by: Liver: Glucagon and Epinephrine Muscle: AMP and Epinepherine
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| show | Very Poor Carbohydrate Metabolism: Von Gierke Pompe Cori McArdles
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| Dx: Glycogen storage disease that causes severe hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, hyperlipidemia & hyperuricemia What is the deficient enzyme? | show 🗑
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| Dx: Glycogen-like material in inclusion bodies, cardiomegaly, muscle weakness and death by age 2 What is the deficient enzyme? | show 🗑
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| Dx: Glycogen storage disease that is similar, but milder then Type I. What is the deficient enzyme? | show 🗑
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| Dx: Increased glycogen in muscle, painful cramps, myoglobinuria w/ exercise What is the deficient enzyme? | show 🗑
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| show | Glucokinase PFK-1 Pyruvate Kinase
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| What are the (3)* ways Gluconeogenesis circumvents the irreversible glycolysis steps (in order)? | show 🗑
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| What are the (3)* cofators for Carboxylase reactions? | show 🗑
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| What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Gluconeogenesis? | show 🗑
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| show | Pyruvate Carboxylase Malate/OAA shuttle
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| show | inject patient with glycerol; if patient does not increase blood glucose, there is a G6P deficiency
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| Cycle that Transfers excess reducing agents from RBC and muscle to the liver, allowing the muscle to function anaerobically What do the muscle and RBC distribute to the cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | Lactate DH
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| show | to regenerate NADPH and Ribose 5-P Enzymes: G6PDH Transketolase (TPP)
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| What are the 3 main roles of NADPH? | show 🗑
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| show | Linoleic = C18:2(9,12) Linolenic = C18:3(9,12,15)
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| show | Embryonic (germ) cells Cancer cells
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| What strand is identical to the mRNA (except T for U)? What strand is Complementary and antiparallel to the mRNA (except T for U)? | show 🗑
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| show | Actinomycin D
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| show | Anti-codons attached to tRNA
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| show | 1. Removal of the "Pre" from Prepro-alpha to make Pro-alpha 2. Hydroxylation of the Pro-alpha with Vitamin C Dz: Scurvy (Vit-C deficiency)
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| (2) steps of Collagen formation that occurs in the Golgi? What Dz can occur from a deficiency in these steps? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. cleavage of peptide ends to make Tropocollagen 2. Tropocollagen into fibrils w/ Lysyl Oxidase and copper 3. Fibrils to Collagen Fibers Dz: Ehlers-Danlos (Lysine hydroxylase deficiency) Menke's Dz (Copper digestion insufficiency)
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| Drug that is against Pertussis by inhibiting the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA on 50s ribosome | show 🗑
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| show | inhibits translocation factor: eEF-2
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| show | Plasmid: circular DNA in bacteria Vector: carrier for human DNA to insert into a plasmid Phage: Larger vector
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| What type of Genetics: NO male to male; no male to female; if mother has it, all kids have it | show 🗑
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| With Southern blot, how does the DNA align? (2) | show 🗑
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| What does it measure? 1.Southern blot 2. Northern blot 3. Western blot Which is good to answer questions about gene expression? About the amount of antigens or antibodies? To determine specific restriction fragments? | show 🗑
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| Type of receptors: 1. Gs 2. Gi 3. Gq What does each do? | show 🗑
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| show | IP3 (Gq)
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| Which receptor is assoc w/ Protein Kinase A? | show 🗑
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| show | Gq - IP3 system Gs/Gi - cAMP system
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| show | Alcoholism
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| MCC of deficiency in: Folic Acid (2) | show 🗑
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| show | Pernicious Anemia
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| MCC of deficiency in: Pyridoxine | show 🗑
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| show | Glutamic Acid cGMP-PDE Na+ gated channels close
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| What vitamin is used to introduce Calcium to binding sites of several calcium-dependent proteins? With which mechanism? What drug inhibits this? | show 🗑
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| Bleeding time difference and PT difference b/t a deficiency in: Vit-C and Vit-K | show 🗑
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| If tissue is hypoxic, what enzymes will be increased in the blood? | show 🗑
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| MC genetic deficiency that causes hemolytic anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Aspartate
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| show | PFK-2 Activated by Insulin
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| show | Pyruvate DH
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| show | Glycolysis enzymes (b/c liver is producing glucose, not storing it)
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| What enzymes in the TCA cycle produce items but not NADH? (2) | show 🗑
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| show | Succinyl CoA Synthase
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| Which direction do H+ flow in the ETC? In which complexes? In which complex is the flow the opposite direction? Which side does O2 -> H20? On which complex? | show 🗑
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| show | Cyanide Complex IV
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| What glycogen storage Dz has debranching enzymes? | show 🗑
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| show | Carboxylates to OAA for entry into Gluconeogenesis
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| What do G6PDH deficient patients have resistence to? | show 🗑
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| What do the bilirubin levels in the blood and urine look like w/ hemolytic jaundice (from G6PDH deficiency)? | show 🗑
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| What type of bonds are there in alpha-helix and beta-sheet proteins? | show 🗑
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| show | Hydrogen bonds
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| show | Keratin
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| What gives strength to the IgG structure? What can break these bonds? | show 🗑
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| What is constant (the same) in each class of immunoglobulins? | show 🗑
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| How many antigen binding sites does each immunoglobulin have per molecule? | show 🗑
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| show | Linolenic (omega-3)
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| show | when it has NO double bonds
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| show | Arachidonic Acid: C20:4(5,8,11,14)
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| What is a good way to remember the placement of the double bonds for unsaturated FA? (3) | show 🗑
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| show | Acetyl CoA Need Energy (ATP)
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| show | Fed (insulin): Pyruvate -> PDH -> Acetyl CoA -> Citrate Fasting (glucagon): Pyruvate -> P Carboxylase -> OAA -> Citrate
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| show | Citrate Aceytl CoA
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| show | Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ATP/Biotin/CO2 8 Acetyl CoA are needed for 1 Palmitate (7 cycles)
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| What enzyme and substance is needed to convert Malonyl CoA to Palmitate (16:0)? (2) | show 🗑
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| show | 14 NADPH (2 x 7 cycles)
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| show | Convert it to a TG Need: Glycerol-3-P
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| show | PDH Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
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| What is needed for every Carboxylase enzyme? | show 🗑
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| (2) ways to make TG in the liver | show 🗑
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| show | Lipoprotein Lipase Key: ApoC-II
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| show | ApoB-100 used as a key to LDL receptors in cell membranes to endocytose the LDL for cholesterol usage
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| show | ApoE - Key to liver ApoA-1 - Key to stimulate LCAT
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| What does the LCAT receptor of peripheral tissues do? | show 🗑
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| show | "Fatty Streak" formation: Cholesterol Foam cells (sick macros) Smooth muscle (migrated)
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| What membrane transport shuttle is used in Beta-oxidation of FA? | show 🗑
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| show | Carnitine Acyl Transferase (rate-limiting across shuttle) Fatty Acyl CoA DH
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| What is the end product of b-oxidation? | show 🗑
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| When is the only time FA can go back into glucose? What does it make in this case? | show 🗑
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| What (2) enzymes are used in the breakdown of odd-chained FA? What is needed with each step? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference b/t a TG and a glycerophospholipid? | show 🗑
|
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| What are the (2) main ingredients in Sphingolipids? Precursor to all sphingolipids? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Sphingo = CHOLINE 2. Cerebro = SUGAR 3. Ganglio = SIALIC ACID and complex sugars
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| Deficient Lysosomal enzyme: Gaucher's Dz | show 🗑
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| show | Sphingomyelinase
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| show | Aldose Reductase
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| show | Both break down Glutamate: Glutaminase in the GI Glutamate DH in liver
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| show | Vitamin B-6
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|
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| show | Deficiency in Urea cycle
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|
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| What are the steps in the Urea cycle? (8)* | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which step in the Urea cycle is inside the mitochondria? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the enzyme deficiency with the following Sx? blood glutamine increased, BUN decreased, cerebral edema, lethargy, convulsions, Uracil and Orotic acid increase in blood and urine | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | VOMIT SUCks: Valine; Odd-chain FA; Methionine; Isoleucine; Threonine
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| (2) enzymes in the body that need Vit B-12 | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the (2) Ketogenic AA? Where do they enter the TCA cycle? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Phenylalanine Tyrosine
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|
||||
| show | Ferrochelatase
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|
||||
| Steps in Heme Synthesis (6)* | show 🗑
|
||||
| What enzyme is deficient in Acute Intermittent Porphyria? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 4 P = Porphyria
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||||
| show | Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
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| Dx: Patient is given a barbituate and begins projectile vomiting, confusion, abdominal pain, paranoia. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | HCG: Hemolysis; Crigler-Najjar syndrome; Gilbert's syndrome
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|
||||
| (2) conditions that increase Direct Bilirubin | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the (2) required AA for Pyrimidine synthesis? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Thymidine (dTMP) Drugs that block DHF reductase: METHotrexate (cancer); TriMETHoprim (PCP); PyriMETHamine (toxoplasmosis) Side effect: Bone marrow Suppression
🗑
|
||||
| What are the (3)* important enzymes in the conversion of UMP to dTMP (in order)? Which Anti-cancer med targets each? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Pyrimidine synthesis
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|
||||
| show | Glycine
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|
||||
| show | PRPP Amidotransferase Drugs ("Purin"): AlloPURINol (Gout); 6-MercaptoPURINe (cancer)
🗑
|
||||
| What intermediate in purine synthesis is different from guanine and adenine by one amino group and is also an intermediate in the breakdown of purines? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LNS = Lacks Nucleotide Salvage: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome HGPRTase Sign: Self-mutilation
🗑
|
||||
| Adenosine Deaminase deficiency causes a lack of what product? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dx: 48-yo man w/ recessive condition is at high risk for deep vein thrombosis and has had replacement of ectopic lenses; no evidence of anemia. Enzyme that is deficient? What AA would be in excess? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Alkaptouria Enzyme: Homogentisate Oxidase [AL KAPT a HOMe]
🗑
|
||||
| How do you treat Cystinuria? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Precursor to Ketone body formation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Try HUNTING for MY FRIED X (eggs): Huntington's; Myotonic Dystrophy; Friedreich's Ataxia; Fragile X
🗑
|
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