A&P Final
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| scaphoid aka | navicular
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| lunate aka | semilunar
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| trapezoid aka | lesser multangular
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| trapezium aka | greater multangular
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| semilunar aka | trochlear notch
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| CR for hand | perpendicular to 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint
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| modification of lateral extension projection of hand | fan lateral
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| PA oblique projection of hand, metacarpophalangeal joints form an angle of ... degrees with IR | 45 degrees
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| projection useful in detecting early radiologic changes to diagnose Rheumatoid Arthritis | Noragaard method
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| Noragaard method aka | "ball-catchers" projection
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| one may miss a ... if there is rotation for a lateral finger | avulsion fracture
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| CR for finger | perpendicular to proximal interphalangeal joint
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| CR for thumb | perpendicular to metacarpophalangeal joint
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| CR for wrist | perpendicular to midcarpal area (between styloids)
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| ulnar deviation corrects foreshortening of | scaphoid carpal bone
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| carpal bone free of superimposition on a semisupination projection | pisiform
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| ... method demonstrates carpal canal | Gaynor Hart
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| olecranon process is part of ... bone | ulna
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| Why should forearm be radiographed in AP projection | prevents crossing of ulna and radius
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| elbow should be flexed ... degrees for lateral projection | 90 degrees
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| ... should be demonstrated on medial oblique of elbow | coronoid process
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| Acute flexion of elbow is aka | Jones method
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| Which carpal bone would be demonstrated in its entirety when utilizing carpal tunnel projection | pisiform
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| AP oblique with lateral rotation of elbow demonstrates ... free of superimposition | radial head and neck
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| Long and Rafert modification of thub utilizes angulation of ... degrees proximally to long axis of thumb | 15 degrees
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| Fat pads of elbow are visualized on ... projection | lateral
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| hand should be elevated ... degrees for stetcher method | 20 degrees
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| ... should be clearly demonstrated on Jones projection | olecranon process
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| Sinus tarsi well shown on ... projection of foot | medial oblique
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| Projection to examine arches of foot | weightbearing
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| CR of AP knee on a large patient | 2-5 degrees cephalad, 1/2 inch inferior to patella apex
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| intercondyloid fossa best demonstrated by ... projection of knee | camp coventry
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| CR for "tunnel projection" of knee | 40-50 degrees caudad
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| Purpose of weight-bearing projection of knee | check for arthritis
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| AP projection of ankle, foot is slightly ... | inverted
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| CR for AP of ankle | midway between malleoli
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| 3 bones that form ankle joint | talus, tibia, fibula
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| Lewis projection of lower extremity demonstrates ... | sesamoids
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| CR for AP foot | base of 3rd metatarsal
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| stress projection of ankle visualizes | ligament tears
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| knee flexed ... degrees for lateral projection | 20-30 degrees
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| For oblique proj of knee, affected extremity should form a ... degree angle | 45 degree
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| Why are knee obliques done PA versus AP | patella closer to IR, less part to film distance
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| Routine projections for chest | PA and Left lateral
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| CR for chest xray | level of T-7
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| Shoulders rolled forward to project ... out of lung fields | scapula
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| for lateral projection of chest, ... plane parallel with IR | midsaggital
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| breathing instructions for chest xray | take in a breath, let it out; take in another breath and hold it
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| ... ribs should be seen above diaphragm for a good PA projection of chest | 10
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| T/F: ribs posterior to the vertebral column should be superimposed for a lateral projection | true
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| T/F: there should be no soft tissue shadows overlapping upper lung fields | true
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| T/F: sternum should be lateral for the lateral projection | true
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| T/F: costophrenic angles and apices of lung must be included | true
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| T/F: exposure should penetrate lung fields and heart | true
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| Apical lordotic projection of lungs demonstrates | apices of lungs
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| patient has fluid in left lung. which projection would you do? | Left lateral decubitus
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| Patient has a left pneumothorax. Which projection would you do | right lateral decubitus
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| Lateral | pertaining to side
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| pneumothorax | air in pleural cavity
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| costophrenic angle | angle created by diaphragm and rib at inferior portion of lung
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| oblique | body rotated a degree amount depending on exposure needed
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| chest xray distance | 72 inches
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| Two shoulder joints that should be on humerus projection | shoulder, elbow
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| tuberosity visualized on external rotation of shoulder | greater tuberosity
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| projection done when patient's arm cannot be abducted for axial projection of shoulder | transthoracic/lawrence or Y scapula
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| transthoracic aka | lawrence
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| For a transthoracic projection of humerus the epicondyles should be ... to the plane of IR | perpendicular
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| clavicle articulates with | manubrium of sternum and acromion process of scapula
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| degree of medial angulation for inferosiperior axial projection of shoulder | 15-30 degrees
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| degree of cephalic angulation for demonstration of the coracoid process | 15-45 degrees (30 degree average)
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| Position of patient for demonstration of acromioclavicular articulations | upright
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| best projection for clavicle | PA
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| degree of angulation for clavicle axial projection | 15-30 degrees
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| position of patients arm for AP projection of scapula | Arm abducted 90 degrees, palm upward
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| CR for AP projection of shoulder | 1 inch inferior to coracoid
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| glenoid fossa is part of ... bone | scapula
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| purpose of AP/PA axial projection of clavicle | throws clavicle off ribs
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| two methods for radiographing AC joints | Single and double exposure
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| single exposure for AC joint | 72" distance
CR at manubrium of sternum
includes both AC joints
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| two exposures for AC joints | 40" distance
CR over midpoint of AC joint
individually capture AC joints
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| contraindication to weights for AC joints | subluxation, pos-op, fracture
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| when using weights for ac joint exposures, you need ... | dr permission to use weights
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| projection demonstrating Hill-sachs defects | Stryker Notch
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| barium is sometimes used to see which relationship | relationship of heart to esophagus
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| Humerus greater tubercle shown on ... projection | AP external oblique or anatomical position
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| position of necks of humerus | anatomical is higher than surgical
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| intertubercle groove aka | bicipital groove
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| bicipital groove separates | greater and lesser tubercles
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| semilunar is aka | trochlear notch
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| AC joints formed by | acromion and clavicle
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| Grayshee shows | glenoid fossa
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| special projection to visualize coracoid | 30 degree angulation axial
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| CR for shoulder | 1 inch below coracoid process
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| axillary degrees for shoulder; visualizes ... | 15-30 degrees; coracoid- posteriorly
acromion-inferiorly
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| purpose of axillary projection of shoulder | bursitis
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| degree of oblique for scapula | 15-20 degrees
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| what does scapula oblique do | puts the vertebral border parallel to IR
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| Y-scapula oblique degrees | 55-60 degrees
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| y-scapula shows | dislocation/luxation
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| anterior luxation of shoulder (humerus position) | forward, head of humerus below coracoid (AC)
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| posterior luxation of shoulder (humerus position) | backward, head of humerus below acromion (PA)
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| transthoracic-lateral shows | fracture of shoulder or humerus
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| positioning for transthoracic-lateral | affected side towards IR, good arm up over head and shoot through rib cage
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| SC joint PA CR | 3rd thoracic vertebra
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| 2 obliques for SC joints | 15 degree RAO, 15 degree LAO
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| obliques of SC joints demonstrate | sternum within hear shadow
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| 1st projection for ribs | PA of chest
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| PA of chest for ribs purpose 3 | pneumothorax, punctured lung, injury
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| 3 projections for posterior ribs | AP, AP cone down, AP oblique
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| AP rib done on what breathing | inspiration
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| AP cone done of rib done on what breathing | expiration
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| IR size for ribs | 14x17
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| 3 projections for anterior ribs | PA, PA cone down, oblique (RAO or LAO)
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| for anterior oblique of ribs, affected side is ... | away from film
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| for posterior ribs, affected side is | down
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| manubrial notch aka | jugular notch
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| jugular notch level | T2-T3
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| manubrium level | first rib
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| sternal angle level | T4-T5
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| body of sternum aka | gladiolus
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| xiphoid process aka | enciform
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| enciform level | T9-T10
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| head of rib articulates with | body of thoracic vertebrae
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| tubercle of rib articulates with | transverse process of vertebrae
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| acronym for rib articulations | HBTT
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| upper ribs done on what breathing | inspiration
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| lower ribs done on what breathing | expiration
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| chest xray done on what breathing | inspiration
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| 3 ways to project sternum | Lateral, RAO, Upright or laying on table shoot across
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| RAO distance for sternum | 30"
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| RAO degrees for sternum | 15-20 degrees
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| sternum position on RAO | sternum in heart shadow
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| why are lower ribs done on expiration | because of diaphragm movement
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| ... pairs of ribs | 12
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| ... true ribs | 7
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| ... false ribs | 5
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| ... floating ribs | 2
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| axillary rib pain also done as | posterior rib projections
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| obliques of ribs are done to | elongate side of interest
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| SC rotation degrees | 15 degrees
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| posterior spine of scapula separates | supra and infraspinous processes
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| 2 names for transthoracic | lawrence and trauma
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| For AP of shoulder, epicondyles should be ... with IR | coronal plane of epicondyles should be parallel with IR
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| epicondyles ... to IR for lateral/transthoracic projections | perpendicular
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| projection where intertubercle (bicipital) groove is practically eliminated | Cleaves (Fisk)
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| degree of special projection for coracoid process | 15-30 degrees cephalad
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| rotation for scapular AP oblique | 15-25 degrees
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| CR for one projection of SC joints | manubrium
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| distance for one projection of SC joints | 72"
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| CR for 2 projections of SC joints | over AC joint
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| distance for 2 projections of SC joints | 42"
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| best projection for clavicle | PA
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| projection to flatten scapula | 90 degree AP
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| Grashey degrees | 35-45 degrees
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| For grashey, affected side is ... | down
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| axillary projection degrees | 20-30
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| Apple and Garth methods show | dislocation of shoulder
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| anteriorly ribs articulate with | sternum
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| 2 chest projections | PA, Left lateral
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| 3 ways to do a chest xray | upright, sitting, supine
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| diaphragm separates | thoracic and abdominal cavities
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| thoracic cavity aka | pleural
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| abdominal cavity aka | peritoneal
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| pneumothorax | accumulation of air in pleural cavity
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| CR for chest | T-7 (inferior angle of scapula)
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| why is the distance for chest 72"? | minimizes the size of heart
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| pleural effusion | fluid in pleural cavity
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| where trachea bifurcates | carina
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| level of carina | T-5
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| ET tube is ... to carina | superior
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| chest xrays with barium are done to | evaluate heart size
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| LAO angulation for chest | 60 degrees
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| RAO angulation for chest | 45 degrees
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| thyroid cartilage level | C5
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| Lateral hand extension demonstrates | metacarpals
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| lateral hand flexion (fan) demonstrates | digits
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| degree of oblique for hand | 45 degrees
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| for lateral hand, ... run parallel to IR | interphalangeal joints
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| ulnar deviation aka | stetcher method
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| gaynor hart demonstrates 2 | carpal canal and pisiform and hamulus of hamate free of superimposition
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| gaynor hart angulation and cr directed at | 25 degrees, towards palm of hand
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| semi supination of wrist throws out | pisiform free of superimposition
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| acute flexion or Jones method shows | olecranon
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| lateral arm demonstrates | olecranon and trochlear notch
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| coronoid demonstrated on | medial oblique
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| radial head and neck demonstrated on | external oblique
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| 3 special projections of thumb | robert method, long and rafert method, lewis method
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| robert method CR | perpendicular to first CMC joint
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| long and rafert method angulation | 15 degrees
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| lewis method angulation | 10-15 degrees
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| bone age or carpal growth demonstrated on | PA and obliques
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| end stage renal disease visualized on | PA and PA oblique of hands and wrists
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| coronoid process articulates with | anterior fossa
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| olecranon fossa articulates with | posterior fossa
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| folio projection aka | skier's thumb
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| AP wrist demonstrates | carpal interspaces
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| coyle projection demonstrates ... from lateral side | radial head and neck
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| coyle projection demonstrates ... from medial side | coronoid process
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| plantar dorsal projected | PA
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| dorsal plantar projected | AP
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| to open joint spaces in toes, direct CR ... | 15 degrees cephalad
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| 2 projections for sesamoids | PA Lewis, AP holly
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| foot obliqued medially 30 degrees shows | cuboid, 3rd cuneiform, sinus tarsi, tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
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| method that demonstrates club feet | talipes/kite
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| calcaneous axial projection CR | 40 degrees cephalic
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| calcaneous axial projection demonstrates | sustentaculum tali (medially) and trochlear process (laterally)
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| ankle mortise projection angulation | 15-20 degrees
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| lateral lower leg demonstrates 2 | fibula posterior to tibia and anterior tibial spine
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| Lateral knee angulation | 5-7 cephalad
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| proximal or distal tibia and fibula joint demonstrated on what lower leg projection | medial oblique
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| homblad and beclere demonstrate | intercondylar fossa
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| 3 names for projection demonstrating patellafemoral joint (special projection) | sunrise, seettegast, skyline
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| hughston and merchant projections visualize | patella
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