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A&P Final

Question	Answer
scaphoid aka	navicular
lunate aka	semilunar
trapezoid aka	lesser multangular
trapezium aka	greater multangular
semilunar aka	trochlear notch
CR for hand	perpendicular to 3rd metacarpophalangeal joint
modification of lateral extension projection of hand	fan lateral
PA oblique projection of hand, metacarpophalangeal joints form an angle of ... degrees with IR	45 degrees
projection useful in detecting early radiologic changes to diagnose Rheumatoid Arthritis	Noragaard method
Noragaard method aka	"ball-catchers" projection
one may miss a ... if there is rotation for a lateral finger	avulsion fracture
CR for finger	perpendicular to proximal interphalangeal joint
CR for thumb	perpendicular to metacarpophalangeal joint
CR for wrist	perpendicular to midcarpal area (between styloids)
ulnar deviation corrects foreshortening of	scaphoid carpal bone
carpal bone free of superimposition on a semisupination projection	pisiform
... method demonstrates carpal canal	Gaynor Hart
olecranon process is part of ... bone	ulna
Why should forearm be radiographed in AP projection	prevents crossing of ulna and radius
elbow should be flexed ... degrees for lateral projection	90 degrees
... should be demonstrated on medial oblique of elbow	coronoid process
Acute flexion of elbow is aka	Jones method
Which carpal bone would be demonstrated in its entirety when utilizing carpal tunnel projection	pisiform
AP oblique with lateral rotation of elbow demonstrates ... free of superimposition	radial head and neck
Long and Rafert modification of thub utilizes angulation of ... degrees proximally to long axis of thumb	15 degrees
Fat pads of elbow are visualized on ... projection	lateral
hand should be elevated ... degrees for stetcher method	20 degrees
... should be clearly demonstrated on Jones projection	olecranon process
Sinus tarsi well shown on ... projection of foot	medial oblique
Projection to examine arches of foot	weightbearing
CR of AP knee on a large patient	2-5 degrees cephalad, 1/2 inch inferior to patella apex
intercondyloid fossa best demonstrated by ... projection of knee	camp coventry
CR for "tunnel projection" of knee	40-50 degrees caudad
Purpose of weight-bearing projection of knee	check for arthritis
AP projection of ankle, foot is slightly ...	inverted
CR for AP of ankle	midway between malleoli
3 bones that form ankle joint	talus, tibia, fibula
Lewis projection of lower extremity demonstrates ...	sesamoids
CR for AP foot	base of 3rd metatarsal
stress projection of ankle visualizes	ligament tears
knee flexed ... degrees for lateral projection	20-30 degrees
For oblique proj of knee, affected extremity should form a ... degree angle	45 degree
Why are knee obliques done PA versus AP	patella closer to IR, less part to film distance
Routine projections for chest	PA and Left lateral
CR for chest xray	level of T-7
Shoulders rolled forward to project ... out of lung fields	scapula
for lateral projection of chest, ... plane parallel with IR	midsaggital
breathing instructions for chest xray	take in a breath, let it out; take in another breath and hold it
... ribs should be seen above diaphragm for a good PA projection of chest	10
T/F: ribs posterior to the vertebral column should be superimposed for a lateral projection	true
T/F: there should be no soft tissue shadows overlapping upper lung fields	true
T/F: sternum should be lateral for the lateral projection	true
T/F: costophrenic angles and apices of lung must be included	true
T/F: exposure should penetrate lung fields and heart	true
Apical lordotic projection of lungs demonstrates	apices of lungs
patient has fluid in left lung. which projection would you do?	Left lateral decubitus
Patient has a left pneumothorax. Which projection would you do	right lateral decubitus
Lateral	pertaining to side
pneumothorax	air in pleural cavity
costophrenic angle	angle created by diaphragm and rib at inferior portion of lung
oblique	body rotated a degree amount depending on exposure needed
chest xray distance	72 inches
Two shoulder joints that should be on humerus projection	shoulder, elbow
tuberosity visualized on external rotation of shoulder	greater tuberosity
projection done when patient's arm cannot be abducted for axial projection of shoulder	transthoracic/lawrence or Y scapula
transthoracic aka	lawrence
For a transthoracic projection of humerus the epicondyles should be ... to the plane of IR	perpendicular
clavicle articulates with	manubrium of sternum and acromion process of scapula
degree of medial angulation for inferosiperior axial projection of shoulder	15-30 degrees
degree of cephalic angulation for demonstration of the coracoid process	15-45 degrees (30 degree average)
Position of patient for demonstration of acromioclavicular articulations	upright
best projection for clavicle	PA
degree of angulation for clavicle axial projection	15-30 degrees
position of patients arm for AP projection of scapula	Arm abducted 90 degrees, palm upward
CR for AP projection of shoulder	1 inch inferior to coracoid
glenoid fossa is part of ... bone	scapula
purpose of AP/PA axial projection of clavicle	throws clavicle off ribs
two methods for radiographing AC joints	Single and double exposure
single exposure for AC joint	72" distance CR at manubrium of sternum includes both AC joints
two exposures for AC joints	40" distance CR over midpoint of AC joint individually capture AC joints
contraindication to weights for AC joints	subluxation, pos-op, fracture
when using weights for ac joint exposures, you need ...	dr permission to use weights
projection demonstrating Hill-sachs defects	Stryker Notch
barium is sometimes used to see which relationship	relationship of heart to esophagus
Humerus greater tubercle shown on ... projection	AP external oblique or anatomical position
position of necks of humerus	anatomical is higher than surgical
intertubercle groove aka	bicipital groove
bicipital groove separates	greater and lesser tubercles
semilunar is aka	trochlear notch
AC joints formed by	acromion and clavicle
Grayshee shows	glenoid fossa
special projection to visualize coracoid	30 degree angulation axial
CR for shoulder	1 inch below coracoid process
axillary degrees for shoulder; visualizes ...	15-30 degrees; coracoid- posteriorly acromion-inferiorly
purpose of axillary projection of shoulder	bursitis
degree of oblique for scapula	15-20 degrees
what does scapula oblique do	puts the vertebral border parallel to IR
Y-scapula oblique degrees	55-60 degrees
y-scapula shows	dislocation/luxation
anterior luxation of shoulder (humerus position)	forward, head of humerus below coracoid (AC)
posterior luxation of shoulder (humerus position)	backward, head of humerus below acromion (PA)
transthoracic-lateral shows	fracture of shoulder or humerus
positioning for transthoracic-lateral	affected side towards IR, good arm up over head and shoot through rib cage
SC joint PA CR	3rd thoracic vertebra
2 obliques for SC joints	15 degree RAO, 15 degree LAO
obliques of SC joints demonstrate	sternum within hear shadow
1st projection for ribs	PA of chest
PA of chest for ribs purpose 3	pneumothorax, punctured lung, injury
3 projections for posterior ribs	AP, AP cone down, AP oblique
AP rib done on what breathing	inspiration
AP cone done of rib done on what breathing	expiration
IR size for ribs	14x17
3 projections for anterior ribs	PA, PA cone down, oblique (RAO or LAO)
for anterior oblique of ribs, affected side is ...	away from film
for posterior ribs, affected side is	down
manubrial notch aka	jugular notch
jugular notch level	T2-T3
manubrium level	first rib
sternal angle level	T4-T5
body of sternum aka	gladiolus
xiphoid process aka	enciform
enciform level	T9-T10
head of rib articulates with	body of thoracic vertebrae
tubercle of rib articulates with	transverse process of vertebrae
acronym for rib articulations	HBTT
upper ribs done on what breathing	inspiration
lower ribs done on what breathing	expiration
chest xray done on what breathing	inspiration
3 ways to project sternum	Lateral, RAO, Upright or laying on table shoot across
RAO distance for sternum	30"
RAO degrees for sternum	15-20 degrees
sternum position on RAO	sternum in heart shadow
why are lower ribs done on expiration	because of diaphragm movement
... pairs of ribs	12
... true ribs	7
... false ribs	5
... floating ribs	2
axillary rib pain also done as	posterior rib projections
obliques of ribs are done to	elongate side of interest
SC rotation degrees	15 degrees
posterior spine of scapula separates	supra and infraspinous processes
2 names for transthoracic	lawrence and trauma
For AP of shoulder, epicondyles should be ... with IR	coronal plane of epicondyles should be parallel with IR
epicondyles ... to IR for lateral/transthoracic projections	perpendicular
projection where intertubercle (bicipital) groove is practically eliminated	Cleaves (Fisk)
degree of special projection for coracoid process	15-30 degrees cephalad
rotation for scapular AP oblique	15-25 degrees
CR for one projection of SC joints	manubrium
distance for one projection of SC joints	72"
CR for 2 projections of SC joints	over AC joint
distance for 2 projections of SC joints	42"
best projection for clavicle	PA
projection to flatten scapula	90 degree AP
Grashey degrees	35-45 degrees
For grashey, affected side is ...	down
axillary projection degrees	20-30
Apple and Garth methods show	dislocation of shoulder
anteriorly ribs articulate with	sternum
2 chest projections	PA, Left lateral
3 ways to do a chest xray	upright, sitting, supine
diaphragm separates	thoracic and abdominal cavities
thoracic cavity aka	pleural
abdominal cavity aka	peritoneal
pneumothorax	accumulation of air in pleural cavity
CR for chest	T-7 (inferior angle of scapula)
why is the distance for chest 72"?	minimizes the size of heart
pleural effusion	fluid in pleural cavity
where trachea bifurcates	carina
level of carina	T-5
ET tube is ... to carina	superior
chest xrays with barium are done to	evaluate heart size
LAO angulation for chest	60 degrees
RAO angulation for chest	45 degrees
thyroid cartilage level	C5
Lateral hand extension demonstrates	metacarpals
lateral hand flexion (fan) demonstrates	digits
degree of oblique for hand	45 degrees
for lateral hand, ... run parallel to IR	interphalangeal joints
ulnar deviation aka	stetcher method
gaynor hart demonstrates 2	carpal canal and pisiform and hamulus of hamate free of superimposition
gaynor hart angulation and cr directed at	25 degrees, towards palm of hand
semi supination of wrist throws out	pisiform free of superimposition
acute flexion or Jones method shows	olecranon
lateral arm demonstrates	olecranon and trochlear notch
coronoid demonstrated on	medial oblique
radial head and neck demonstrated on	external oblique
3 special projections of thumb	robert method, long and rafert method, lewis method
robert method CR	perpendicular to first CMC joint
long and rafert method angulation	15 degrees
lewis method angulation	10-15 degrees
bone age or carpal growth demonstrated on	PA and obliques
end stage renal disease visualized on	PA and PA oblique of hands and wrists
coronoid process articulates with	anterior fossa
olecranon fossa articulates with	posterior fossa
folio projection aka	skier's thumb
AP wrist demonstrates	carpal interspaces
coyle projection demonstrates ... from lateral side	radial head and neck
coyle projection demonstrates ... from medial side	coronoid process
plantar dorsal projected	PA
dorsal plantar projected	AP
to open joint spaces in toes, direct CR ...	15 degrees cephalad
2 projections for sesamoids	PA Lewis, AP holly
foot obliqued medially 30 degrees shows	cuboid, 3rd cuneiform, sinus tarsi, tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
method that demonstrates club feet	talipes/kite
calcaneous axial projection CR	40 degrees cephalic
calcaneous axial projection demonstrates	sustentaculum tali (medially) and trochlear process (laterally)
ankle mortise projection angulation	15-20 degrees
lateral lower leg demonstrates 2	fibula posterior to tibia and anterior tibial spine
Lateral knee angulation	5-7 cephalad
proximal or distal tibia and fibula joint demonstrated on what lower leg projection	medial oblique
homblad and beclere demonstrate	intercondylar fossa
3 names for projection demonstrating patellafemoral joint (special projection)	sunrise, seettegast, skyline
hughston and merchant projections visualize	patella

Created by: dina11

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