Neuro Lecture 7: Cerebral Cortex 1a
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| By ____ of embryonic development, all 5 major brain subdivisions are identifiable. | show 🗑
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| Name the 5 major subdivisions of the brain | show 🗑
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| show | telencephalon
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| The cerebral cortex accounts for about ___ of the volume of the adult brain | show 🗑
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| Which cerebral hemisphere is larger than the other? | show 🗑
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| How much is the overall loss of cortical volume by age 75? | show 🗑
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| show | ~12%
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| show | no different areas are differentially affected
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| show | no- there is substantial individual variability
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| How big is the total flattened area of the cerebral cortex? | show 🗑
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| show | 1/3
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| How thick is the cortex? | show 🗑
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| show | primary motor cortex
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| What’s the thinnest part of the cortex? | show 🗑
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| How many neurons are contained in the mature cerebrum? | show 🗑
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| show | 2-10x more
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| show | spiny neurons and aspiny (spine-sparse) neurons
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| show | about 75%
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| show | excitatory
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| Which NT do spiny neurons use? | show 🗑
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| Which specific neurons are included in the group “spiny neurons”? | show 🗑
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| show | pyramidal neurons
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| show | pyramidal neurons
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| show | apical dendrites
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| What are the many smaller projections of the pyramidal neurons called? | show 🗑
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| show | thousands
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| What types of conditions have shown reduction in cortical pyramidal spine density? | show 🗑
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| show | few, if any
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| What percentage of cortical neurons are aspiny neurons? | show 🗑
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| show | inhibitory
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| show | GABA- gamma aminobutyric acid
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| Are aspiny neurons presynaptic, postsynaptic, or interneurons? (not actually a technically sound question) | show 🗑
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| As interneurons, what is the (very general) function of aspiny neurons? | show 🗑
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| show | chandelier cells (aspiny neurons)
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| show | laminar organization
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| What is the term for “superficial-to-deep” commonalities in functional properties in the cerebral cortex? | show 🗑
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| About 95% of the cortical area is termed _______, which has __ layers and is also known as _______ | show 🗑
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| show | allocortex, 3-5, archicortex or paleocortex
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| show | 1. Molecular, 2. External Granular, 3. External Pyramidal, 4. Internal Granular, 5. Internal Pyramidal, 6. Multiform
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| show | rich in fibers, but few neurons
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| What is the description of the second isocortex layer? | show 🗑
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| What is the description of the third isocortex layer? | show 🗑
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| What is the description of the fourth isocortex layer? | show 🗑
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| show | many large pyramidal cells
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| What is the description of the sixth isocortex layer? | show 🗑
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| show | overall thickness, relative thickness/density of different layers, size/shape of neurons
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| (Brodmann’s map)- electrical stimulation studies have shown high correlation between ______ boundaries and ________ boundaries | show 🗑
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| Which cortical layer(s) are the origin of commissural and association fibers that connect different cortical regions? | show 🗑
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| show | homologous regions between hemispheres (eg primary motor cortex)
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| show | corpus callosum and anterior commissure
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| Which types of cortical regions do association fibers connect? | show 🗑
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| Where do association fibers run? | show 🗑
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| show | 4
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| Which cortical layer is best developed in primary sensory cortices? | show 🗑
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| show | 5, 6
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| show | 5
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| show | frontal cortex
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| show | all 6
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| How wide are the columns of columnar organization in the cortex? | show 🗑
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| show | Mountcastle (1950s) inserted electrodes vertically and obliquely
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| All regions of cortex may be placed into one of 3 categories | show 🗑
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| Which cortex has the lowest threshold for eliciting movement by electrical stimulation? | show 🗑
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| Which cortex(ices) are the first regions to receive modality-specific information? | show 🗑
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| What is Brodmann’s area 3,1,2? | show 🗑
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| What is Brodmann’s area 4? | show 🗑
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| What is Brodmann’s area 41? | show 🗑
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| What is Brodmann’s area 17? | show 🗑
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| show | sensory association areas and motor association areas
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| show | sensory association areas
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| Which cortex areas integrate information from different modalities? | show 🗑
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| Where are motor association areas located? | show 🗑
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| show | motor association areas
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| show | motor association areas
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| show | Many complex brain functions are more dependent on one hemisphere than the other
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| show | left hemisphere (95% of righties & 75% of lefties)
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| What are some examples of cerebral lateralization? | show 🗑
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| show | without speech
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| show | loss of language expression and/or comprehension
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| What is agnosia? | show 🗑
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| What is affected (more specifically) with agnosia? | show 🗑
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| What is apraxia? | show 🗑
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| show | inability to carry out skilled or purposeful movement- no frank paralysis
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