H B Film Processing
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| red safelight can be used with | blue and green
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| amber safelight can only be used with | blue
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| CA wants you to use what safelight | red
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| any combination of mA and time to get the same mAs | reciprocity law
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| Films sensitive to Green Light | orthochromatic
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| films are most sensitive to | green and blue light
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| Removes white areas of the film and allows it to have an archival quality to keep for years | fixing
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| PROCESSING STEPS | wetting, developing, fixing, wash and drying
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| changes the silver ions of the exposed crystals to metallic silver | developing
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| developing agent | reducing agent
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| causes the emulsion to swell so chemicals in the baths can reach all parts of the emulsion | wetting
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| The latent image is converted to the manifest image | developing
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| does not allow unexposed silver halide crystals to be reduced to metallic silver --- fog | restrainer
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| preservative – to prevent oxidation of the developer | sodium sulfite
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| Hardener present in the developing solution | glutaraldehyde
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| prevent unexposed silver halide crystals from being developed | Restrainers
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| Principle component of developer | hydroquinone
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| migrates through the gelatin and is released from the film | bromide
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| contains alkali agents | developer
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| what chemicals are in the buffer solution | sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide
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| its purpose is to remove unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals from the emulsion | hypo or thiosulfate
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| The clearing agent is known as | hypo or thiosulfate
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| One of the most common clearing agents used is | ammonium thiosulfate
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| neutralizes the pH of the emulsion and stops the development process | activator
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| stops the development process | The fixer
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| Hyporetention is prevented by | adequate washing
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| Retention of the fixer on the film will cause the film to have a | yellow-brown appearance
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| Warm air is blown over both surfaces of the film | DRYING
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| TYPES OF FILM | screen and direct exposure
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| film used with radiographic screens | Screen film
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| non-screen film | Direct exposure film
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| X-ray film is sensitive to | white light and x-ray radiation
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| radiation and white light can cuase | fog
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| film must be kept in a | light tight container
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| X-ray film is sensitive to both | heat and humidity
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| heat and humidity can cause increase | fog
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| have a transport system consisting of multiple rollers in racks | Automatic processors
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| If there is dirt on the roller it will mark the film | every 3.14 inches
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| artifacts on the film due to dirt on the roller | Pi Lines
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| The rollers are driven by | chains, gears, or belts
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| rollers sizes are usually | 1” in diameter
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| temperature that under develops film | cold
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| temperature that over develops film | hot
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| Both need to be replenished during processing | Developer and Fixer
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| DIRECT EXPOSURE FILM | Thicker emulsion i
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| film mostly used only by dentristy | direct exposure
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| x-ray film is sensitive to various colors of light | Spectral matching
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| light from screen exposes the adjacent emulsion but can also cross the base and expose the opposite side emulsion, | crossover
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| Crossover leads to | image unsharpness (blur)
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| what affects speed of the film | size and shape of crystal
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| The faster the speed the less | radiation is needed
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| black and white with a few shades of gray | High contrast
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| contains a clearing and hardening agent | fixer
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