physics
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| Organized and classified knowledge define which of the following? | Science
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| What is the branch of science that deals with matter, energy and their relationship to each other? | physics
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| what is the mass per unit volume of a substance called? | density
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| The branch of physics pertaining to the origin and nature of x-rays is defined by | radiologic physics
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| what is the formula for converting Farenheit to degrees celcus | 5/9(F-32)
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| The exposure of a radiograph is directly proportional to the time of exposure. What will happen if the mA is doubled | it will double
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| The exposure of a radiograph is inversly proportional to the square of the distance from a point source. What would be the exposure on a radiograph if the distance is tripled? | it will be 1/9
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| What devices converts chemical energy to electrical energy | battery
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| a neutral atom that loses an orbital electron will have a | positive charge
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| how many electrons are in the O shell of an atom | 50
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| ___________ is anything which occupies space and has inertia | matter
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| How many electrons can occupy the Q shell of an atom | 98
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| an elementary positive particle with a mass of about 1.67x10-24g, describes the | proton
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| isotopes differ in the number of | neutrons (same number of protons)
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| how many neutrons are in an isotope of lead that has an atomic number of 82 and a mass number of 210 | 128
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| in an atom, electrical neutrality is achieved by maintaining a balance between the | electrons and protons
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| the maximum number of electrons found in any energy level (shell) at any point in time is: | 2n2
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| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. One of its isotopes has a mass number of 14. The number of neutrons in this isotope is: | 8
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| the orderly arrangement of the elements by their atomic number and chemical properties is found in a: | Periodic Table
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| If an electron is gained or lost from an atom, the atom becomes | an ion
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| the theory that electrons circulate in discrete circular paths was proposed by | Bohr
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| which of the following atomic particles cannot be further subdivided | protons, neutrons and electrons
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| matter is made up of indivisible and invisible particles called | atoms
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| what is the definition of energy | the ability to do work
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| what correctly states newtons first law of motion | an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an external force
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| what are two kinds of electrical charge | positive and negative
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| the ability of a moving body to do work is called | kinetic energy
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| what device converts chemical energy to mechanical energy | gasoline engine
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| the smallest subdivision of an element having the characteristics properties of that element is called | atom
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| an electron is _______ charged and has a mass of ________ amu(s) | negatively, 0.000548
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| the number of electrons in its shell determines its | valence
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| the type of bonding that involves the sharing of electrons is called | covalent
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| what is the smallest subdivision of a substance | molecule
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| the force of attraction between the nucleus and an orbital electron is called the electrons ___________ | binding energy
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| a neutral atom that loses an electron by ionization is termed a | positive ion
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| the highest bonding energy of an atom is found in the electrons _________ level | first energy orbital
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| an electrical charge can be neutralized if it is conducted to | ground
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| what are three methods of electrification | friction, contact, and induction
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| a material that allows the flow of electrons is known as | conductor
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| in the law of conservation of energy, energy | can be transformed from one form to another, and cannot be created nor destroyed
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| where are the electrical charges found on a conductor | the external surface
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| what is the electrical property of copper | conductor
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| the type of bonding that involves the attraction of electrons is called | ionic
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| electric insulators | inhibit the movement of electric charge
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| Six ways ionization occurs | exposure of matter to xrays and gamma rays
exposure of matter to a stream of electrons
spontaneous decay of radionuclides
exposure of certain chemicals to light
chemical ionization
thermionic emission
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| Eight forms of energy are | mechanical
thermal
light
electrical
chemical
atomic
molecular
nuclear
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| the law of conservation of energy states | energy can neither be created or destroyed but can transform from one form to another
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| the flow of electrons is known as | current
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| what is the unit of electrical current | ampere
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| which creates the most electrical resistance | a long wire with a small diameter
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| the unit for resistance | ohm
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| the unit of electrical power | watt
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| formula for power loss is | P=I2R
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| what are the two poles of the magnet called | north and south
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| what are the magnetic lines that surround a magnet called | flux
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| what are the materials that are WEAKLY ATTRACTED to a magnet | paramagnetic
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| materials that are difficult to magnetize and demagnetize are said to have high | retentivity
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| how are the north poles of the two magnets going to affect each other | they will repel
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| what are the materials that are slightly repelled by a magnet | diamagnetic
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| materials that are easily magnetized and demagnetized are said to have high | permeability
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| what moves in a conductor | negative charges
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| what strongly attracts magnetic fields | ferromagnetic
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| what unit is used to measure potential difference | volt
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| what effect does high temperature have on resistance | length of the conductor, diameter of conductor, temperature of the conductor
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| What are the four factors for electromagnetic induction | the speed of which a conductor cuts the magnetic lines of force
the strength of the magnetic field
the angle between the conductor and direction of magnetic field
the number of turns of a conductor if its wound into a coil
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| a coil of wire | helix
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| a coil of wire carrying a current is called a | solenoid
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| a coil of wire with a current with an iron core is called an | electromagnet
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| electromagnetism | the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between electricity and magnetism
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| What are the swirling currents called that are induced in transformers and produce heat losses? | eddy loss current
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| what type of transformer has more coils in the secondary than in the primary? | step-up
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| which of the following materials would make the best transformer core? | soft iron
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| when the radiographer selects kilovoltage on the control panel, which device is adjusted? | autotransformer
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| what type of transformer core is more widely used in radiographic equipment? | closed core
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| which type of transformer core is more efficient? | shell type
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| which is a step up transformer? | 20,000 turns on primary coil, 40,000 on secondary coil
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| tapping windings of the autotransformer to supply voltage to the step-up transformer is the purpose of which of these? | voltmeter
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| current loss in the core of a transformer due to changing of magnetic fields by the AC is? | hysteresis
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| what is the major reason for using alternating current? | transformers cannot work without it
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| How can hysteresis losses be reduced in a transformer? | lamination
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| loss of electrical power due to resistance of the coils in a transformer is called: | copper loss
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| if the voltage is stepped-up, what happens to the current in the secondary side of the transformer? | decreases
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| what is it called when a current is induced in a secondary coil by simply changing the current in the primary? | mutual induction
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| What is the principle reservoir for excess charges? | the earth
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| regarding the movement of an electric charge from one atom to another | usually outer shell electrons move
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| electrostatics | concerns resting electric charges
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| the unit of electrostatic charge is the: | coulomb
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| the principle electrostatic law states that: | an electron will repel and electron
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| objects become electrified because of: | the transfer of electrons
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| what would be included as one of the four basic electrostatic laws? | Planck's law
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| an electrostatic force is created when a/an | electrostatic charge exists
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| the unit of electrostatic force is | Newton
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| 1 C = 6.3 x 10(18) electron charges | smallest unit of charge the coulumb
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| the unit of electric potential is the: | volt
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| what is the best electric insulator | wood
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| the ratio of electric potential across a circuit element to the current flowing through that element is called: | resistance
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| the electrical resistance of wire will increase as the diameter of the: | wire decreases
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| when an electric current flows through a wire with resistance (R) energy is: | generated as heat
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| the energy of a bremsstrahlung photon is: | the difference between the entering and exiting kinetic energy of the electron
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| at the end of characteristic cascade, the ________ shell is missing | outermost
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| the transition of orbital electrons from outer to inner shell gives rise to: | characteristic radiation
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| bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with: | the force field of the nucleus
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| the energy of a characteristic photon is: | the difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped
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| during a characteristic interaction, the energy of the incident electron must be ______ the electron it knocks from its orbits | greater than that of
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| which of the following types of radiation cannot be produced at tube potential less than 70 keV? | characteristic
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| characteristic interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with: | an inner shell electron
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| in the compton effect, the incident photon loses energy by striking a/an | loosely bound outer-shell electron
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| when a photon reacts with an atom and the resulting photon has the same energy level but moves in a different direction, the result is referred to as: | unmodified scattering
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| which of the following constitutes the largest portion of the x-ray beam emerging from the target | bremsstrahlung
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| what type of interaction between matter and radiation does not occur in the normal diagnostic energy range? | pair production
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| Rayleigh scatter takes place when: | no transfer of energy upon collision
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| which of the following are products of the photoelectric effect? | photoelectron, characteristic radiation, ionized atom
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| a high speed electron decelerates as it passes the nucleus of a tungsten atom and gives rise to ____________ radiation | bremsstrahlung
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| the transition of orbital electrons from outer to inner shells gives rise to | characteristic radiation
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| in the diagnostic range, the majority of the x-ray photons produced in the x-ray tube result from the: | bremsstrahlung
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| in an x-ray tube, the production of xrays results from a rapid deceleration of fast moving ______ in the target material | electrons
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| the total number of x-ray photons produced at the target is contingent on: | tube current and target material (NOT square of the kV)
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| what reaction results in true absorption? | photoelectric effect
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| which of the following primarily producces scatter radiation? | compton scattering
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| an electron from an outer shell moves to fill a vacancy by an inner shell electron. This process is known as ________ and __________ radiation is produced | cascading, characteristic
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| __________ interactions occur only when the incident electron interacts with the force field of the nucleus | bremsstrahlung
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| which of the following x-ray interactions with matter is primarily responsible for radiographic contrast? | photoelectric effect
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| radiation that passes through the tube housing in directions other than through the port window is termed | leakage radiation
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| what type of radiation is produced when a high-speed electron is decelerated as it approaches the nucleus of a target atom? | bremsstrahlung
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| which of the following interactions of x-rays with matter is more likely to occur with an inner shell electron | photoelectric effect
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| approximately 99% of kinetic energy of the high-speed electron stream is converted to _______ when it strikes the target on the anode | heat
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| the types of radiation produced at the target are | characteristic and bremsstrahlung
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| which of the following x-ray interaction with matter INHIBITS radiographic contrast? | compton scatter
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| which of the following interactions is the least likely to occue in diagnostic range? | pair production
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| at 60kVp, the primary beam consists primarily of which effect? | bremsstrahlung
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| when gallium is added to silicon, it becomes a __________ type semi conductor | p-type
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| the type of bonding that involves the attraction between oppositely charged ions is called | ionic
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| an apparatus located in a circuit that acts as an indicator of electricity in one direction but conducts electricity in the opposite direction is called a: | transformer
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| electrical devices that allow current to flow only in one direction are called: | rectifiers
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| what type of wiring configurations are used in secondary coils of three-phase transformers: | star and delta
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| why are three phase generators more efficient than single phase | voltage never drops to zero
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| what is the resistance to flow of electricity in an alternating current called? | impedence
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| a solid-state rectifier, with a deficient number of electrons, is referred to as what type of semi-conductor? | p-type
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| which of the following voltage ripples is (are) produced by three-phase equipment | 13% and 3.5% ripple
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| the spinning top test can be used to determine the accuracy of which of the following? | rectification circuit
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| self-rectification leads to a voltage wave form that is the same as which of the following? | half-wave
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| an electric current that continually changes direction is know as what type of current | alternating
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| which of the following circuit devices must be connected in parallel | voltmeter
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| a 3-phase 6 pulse unit has an effective kv of about _____ of the peak kVp | 87%
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| what describes the best electrical properties of silicon | semiconductor
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| with single phase equipment, the voltage across the x-ray tube: | drops to zero every 180 degrees
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| materials that are difficult to magnetize and demagnetize are said to have a high | retentivity
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| what converts chemical energy to electrical energy? | battery
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| silicon, with an excessive number of electrons, is referred to as what type of semiconductor? | n-type
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| what is the unit used to measured potential difference | volt
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| what is it called when a current is induced in a secondary coil by simply changing the current in the primary? | mutual induction
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| what is a device called that measures electrical current? | anmeter
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| what is the simplest type of rectification? | self-rectification
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| 3 phase current consist of three single phase voltage waveforms separated by: | 120 degrees
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| in modern x-ray equipment, the device most often used for current rectification is a/an | solid state diode
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| what would NOT be located in the primary side of the x-ray circuit? | x-ray tube
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| what is NOT a device for controlling filament? | rectifier
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| where in the x-ray circuit is the timer located? | between the autotransformer and step up transformer
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| what is an advantage of three-phase equipment over single phase equipment? | can achieve shorter exposure times
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| what device would be used when the milliamperage is set on the control panel | rheostat
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| which of the following meters does not register until an x-ray exposure is made? | mA meter
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| which of the following types of current supplies the x-ray tube? | pulsating direct current
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| what effect does adjusting the filament control have on the production of x-rays? | controls the quantity
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| what is the current indicated by the millianmeter? | tube current
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| where is the rectification circuit located in an xray unit? | between the step-up transformer and the x-ray tube
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| what causes most tube failures? | overheating of the filament
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| what type of motor drives the rotating anode | induction
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| which part of the xray tube has the filament wires and focusing cup? | cathode
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| what will produce the least load on an x-ray tube | high kVp, low mAs
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| what is required of a target material in an x-ray tube?ing point | high density, high atomic number, and high melting point
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| which of the following increase the penetrating power of the x-ray beam? | kV
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