California Flurorscopy Exam Review
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| show | dynamic viewing (to see anatomy in motion)
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| Portable intensified fluoroscopy used for diagnostic purposes must not exceed _______ at the table top? | show 🗑
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| show | photopic
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| show | increases
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| show | integration
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| show | c. cornea
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| the normal view distance for binocular vision is: | show 🗑
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| show | a. high kVp, low mA
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| which of the following properties are associated with cones rather than rods? a. contrast perception b. color detection c. visual acuity d. all of the above | show 🗑
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| show | 20-30 sec
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| visible light: a. is not part of the electromagnetic spectrum b. has higher energy than x-rays c. is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum we can see d. has lower energy than radio waves. | show 🗑
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| most modern image intensifiers use an input fluorescent screen layer that is composed of: | show 🗑
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| the conversion of light energy into a proportional amount of electrons is accomplished by a/an: | show 🗑
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| the acceleration of the electron stream inside the image intensifier requires a potential different(voltage) of : | show 🗑
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| show | electrons; light
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| show | 12 inches
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| show | minification
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| a 9-in input screen and a 1-in output screen increase brightness _______ times. | show 🗑
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| the point in the image intensifier tube where the electrons cross over is termed the: | show 🗑
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| in order to prevent light from scattering back to the photo-cathode layer of the image intensifier, a thin sheet of aluminum is placed onto the: | show 🗑
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| which of the following can be used to increase brightness gain? a. a higher x-ray beam intensity b. decrease minification ratio c. increase accelerating voltage d. increase minification | show 🗑
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| show | negative
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| distortion which occurs with an image intensifier tube that demonstrates a dimmer density image at the periphery is called: | show 🗑
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| the random pattern of scattered radiation, which often results in an image intensifier tube that has the appearance of "snow" or "crawling ants" is: | show 🗑
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| show | conversion factor
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| show | light photons
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| show | x-ray tube current (increase mA=increase xray photons striking input phosphor=increase light photons given off by output phoshor
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| show | d. all the above
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| for fluoro equipment with automatic exposure rate control, the x-ray tube current and potential shall be monitored at least: | show 🗑
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| show | quantum mottle
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| show | 4 lp/mm
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| show | d. keeping patient-screen distance to a maximum
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| a photocell located between the image intensifier and the television camera system that is designed to maintain a range of brightness is a: | show 🗑
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| show | electrostatic lens
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| image intensifier input phosphor differs from the output phosphor in that the input phosphor: a. is much larger than output b. emits electrons, output emits light c. absorbs electrons, output absorbs light photons d. is a fixed size, output size very | show 🗑
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| the total brightness gain of an image intensifier is a result of (1) flux gain, (2) minification ratio, (3) focusing gain. a. 1 b. 2 c. 1 & 2 d. 1 & 3 e. 1, 2, & 3 | show 🗑
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| show | electron gun
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| show | 525 scanning lines
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| show | electronic image
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| the electronic signal which carries the info from the TV camera to the monitor is termed the: | show 🗑
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| show | fluorescent screen
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| in order to ensure the proper eye integration a frame must be completed every _____ seconds | show 🗑
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| in order to prevent the flicker effect during viewing of the TV image, a technique called __________ is used. | show 🗑
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| which of the following are TV camera tubes? a. vidicon b. image orthicon c. plumbicon d. all the above | show 🗑
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| the electron beam in the TV camera is produced by: a. thermionic emission b. photoemission c. electoemission d. photoconduction | show 🗑
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| show | d. all the above. all coils listed are the same thing
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| show | d. all the above
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| show | c. signal plate
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| in the optical coupling arrangement, which is nearest the TV camera tube? a. objective lens b. camera leans c. beam splitter d. mirror | show 🗑
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| when the video signal is modulated, that means that its ___________ is changing in a controlled fashion. a. intensity b. frequency c. amplitude d. all the above | show 🗑
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| the electron beam of the camera is _______ with the TV monitor. | show 🗑
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| show | b. 2 TV fields
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| show | 30 frames/sec
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| show | c. bandpass
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| the recording head of the video tape recieves a changing electronic signal which is transformed into a changing: a. magnetic field b. electronic pulse c. video signal d. current | show 🗑
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| the exposure rate shall be measured ____ above the table. a. 1 in b. 1 cm c. 1 ft d. none of the above | show 🗑
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| show | 7 feet
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| secondary barriers are only necessary for: a. radiographic units b. combined R/F units c. tomographic units d. all the above e. none of the above | show 🗑
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| if the x-ray tube is above the table, the exposure rate shall be measured at________ above the table. | show 🗑
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| show | c. 9 in of water
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| when the TPD is increased from 12in to 18in, the skin entrance exposure will be reduced by: a. 30% b. 60% c. 40% d. none of the above | show 🗑
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| show | c. double
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| show | 2.2 R/min
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| show | a. 16mR/mAs half distance=4 times the dose
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| show | doubling
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| show | the x-ray beam diverges from its point source
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| show | mA
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| if 3gm of tissue absorb 300ergs of x-ray energy, what is the dose? | show 🗑
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| provisions regarding mobile fluoro are: (1)machine cannot be operated at a skin distance <18in (2)image intensification must be provided (3)conventional fluoro screens are not permitted (4) impossible to operate when collimator/diaphragm is not in place | show 🗑
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| fluoroscopic equipment with an AEC control shall not be operable at any combination of tube potential and current in excess of: | show 🗑
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| women employees: (1)1st 3 mo of preg most important (2)actual dose received by fetus<mother (3)risks to unborn baby considered small (4)no worry about sterility/child bearing | show 🗑
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| show | patient exposure
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| isoexposure contours during fluoroscopy will show that at a distance of 3 ft from the head of the table, the radiographer will recieve: | show 🗑
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| show | a. the incident photon and the valence electron
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| advantage of using a film badge: (1)inexpensive (2)reusable (3)provides a permanent record (4)can detect problems (5)provides an objective review a. 1,2,3 b. 1,2,4 c. 2,3,4 d. 1,3,4,5 | show 🗑
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| show | e. 1,2,3,4
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| show | 135 degrees fro the primary beam
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| which method of gonadal shielding is best during fluoroscopy? | show 🗑
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| show | c. 1,2,4
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| increasing the peak voltage will (1) increase penetrating power of x-ray beam(2)reduce pt skin exposure (3)decrease radiation exposure at the output phosphor(4)allow for the use of lower x-ray tube current a. 1,2 b. 1,2,3 c. 1,2,4 d. 1,3,4 e. 1,2,3,4 | show 🗑
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| show | absorbed by the patient
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| show | 1,2
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| when the operational "boost" is activated, the equipment shall not be operable at any combo of tube current and potential that will result in an exposure rate in excess of: a. 10R/min b. 5R/min c. 2.2R/min d. none of the above | show 🗑
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| x-ray tube housing must be so constructed the leakable radiation at a distance of 1 meter from the target cannot exceed: a. 100 mR/hr b. 100 R/hr c. 10 R/hr d. 10 mR/hr | show 🗑
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| show | .25mm Pb
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| show | 5 mA
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| show | once each day
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| genetic dose refers to: | show 🗑
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| all of the following affect patient exposure except: a. 3 phase generator b. collimation c. target-to-panel distance d. exposure time | show 🗑
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| a high radiation area is any area accessible to individuals in which there exists radiation at such levels that an individual could receive in any 1 hour a dose to the whole body in excess of: | show 🗑
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| the roentgen is a unit of: | show 🗑
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| the genetically significant dose is a factor of which of the following parameters, (1)xray examination rate (2)mean gonadal dose per examination (3)number of chromosomes damaged (4)number of future children: a. 1,3,4 b. 2,3 c. 1,2,4 d. 1,2,3 e. 3,4 | show 🗑
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| radiosensitivity of the body in influenced by all of the following except: a. type of radiation and dose rate b. size of cell c. total dose of body receives d. type of cell being irradiated | show 🗑
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| what is the maximum exposure a pregnant occupational worker may receive during the 9 months of gestation. | show 🗑
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| which type of table-top material significantly reduces patient exposure: | show 🗑
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| if the output intensity is 128 mR/hr at 12mA of tube current, what is the intensity at 15mA? | show 🗑
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| show | 1 rad
(1 rad = 100 ergs/gram; 400 ergs/4 grams = 1 rad)
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| show | 400 mrads
(100 rads = 1 Gy, 100 mrads = 1 mGy)
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| show | 750 rads
(100 rads = 1 Gy)
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| show | 60 rem
(100 rem = 1 Sv)
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| show | 5R
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| show | photopic
(cones; day vision)
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| As illumination of the light source increases, visual acuity _______. | show 🗑
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| show | Integration time
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| show | cornea
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| In general, during conventional fluoroscopic exams, the preferred technique is: A. High kVp, low mA B. High kVp, low mAs C. Low kVp, high mAs D. Low kVp, high mA | show 🗑
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| Which of the following properties are associated with cones, rather than rods? A. Contrast perception B. Color detection C. Visual acuity D. All of the above | show 🗑
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| Visible light: A. Is not a part of the electromagnetic spectrum B. Is higher energy than x-rays C. Is lower energy than radio waves D. None of the above | show 🗑
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| The conversion of light energy into a proportional amount of electrons is accomplished by: A. An electron gun B. A photomultiplier tube C. Electrostatic lenses D. A photocathode | show 🗑
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| show | D. 25 Kilovolts
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| show | C. Electrons to light
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| show | A. 12 inches
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| show | A. Minification
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| A 9” input screen and 1” output screen increases brightness A. 9 times B. 18 times C. 81 times D. None of the above | show 🗑
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| Light distortion which occurs with an image intensifier that demonstrates a dimmer density at the periphery is called: A. Interlacing B. Vignetting C. Pincushion effect D. Manual effect | show 🗑
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| Intensity of output phosphor (candelas) Intensity at input phosphor (mrad/sec) A. Brightness gain B. Conversion factor C. Flux gain D. Minification | show 🗑
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| The intensity at the output phosphor will increase with: A. Collimation B. mA C. Filtration D. Rotation | show 🗑
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| show | D. all of the above
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| show | C. quantum mottle
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| show | D. Increased patient-screen distance
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| The input and output phosphors differ in: A. Size B. What energy they emit C. None of the above | show 🗑
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| The electronic image produced at the input side of a television camera is scanned by a/an: A. Photocathode B. Photomultiplier tube C. Electrostatic lens D. Electron gun | show 🗑
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| Each frame of a television image consists of: A. 252 lines B. 525 lines C. 1050 lines D. 2250 lines | show 🗑
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| The input screen of a television camera tube converts the light image from the image intensifier to: A. An x-ray image B. An electronic image C. Visible image D. None of the above | show 🗑
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| The electrical image from the target of the vidicon tube is scanned: A. 525 times per second B. 0.2 times per second C. 10 times per second D. 30 times per second | show 🗑
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| In order to prevent flicker during television viewing, a technique called ________ is used. A. Amplification B. Interlacing C. Synchronization D. Vignetting | show 🗑
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| Which of the following are television pick-up camera tubes? A. Vidicon B. Plumbicon C. Image orthicon D. All of the above | show 🗑
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| show | B. 5 rads/min
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| show | B. ABC mode
(Remember 5 R/min unless: ABC (10 R/min), boost (20 R/min), magnification (unlimited) and image acquisition (unlimited)(
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| show | D. 7 7/8” lucite
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| The intensity of the x-ray beam at the fluoroscopy table top should not exceed ________ for each mA of tube current at 80 kVp. A. 2.2 R/min B. 2.5 R/min C. 5 R/min D. 10 R/min | show 🗑
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| show | B. mA
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| If 1 gram of tissue absorbs 300 ergs of x- ray energy, what is the dose? A. 1 rad B. 3 rad C. 30 rad D. 300 rad | show 🗑
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| show | B. 12 inches
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| show | D. patient exposure
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| When x-rays are directed toward a patient, they are mostly: A. Absorbed by the patient B. Scattered by the patient C. Absorbed by the operator D. Absorbed by the air | show 🗑
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| X-ray tube housing must be constructed such that radiation leakage at 1 meter of the target does not exceed: A. 100 mR/hr B. 100 R/hr C. 10 R/hr D. 10 mR/hr | show 🗑
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| The bucky slot cover must be at least: A. 0.25 mm Al B. 0.25 mm Pb C. 0.5 mm Al D. 0.5 mm Pb | show 🗑
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| Genetic dose refers to: A. Dose received by the patient’s gonads B. Dose that penetrate gonadal shielding C. Dose that may exhibit effects in irradiated person’s offspring D. Population dose | show 🗑
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| A “high radiation area” refers to an area in which an individual might receive a dose of greater than ___________ at 30 cm from the source: A. 0.1 rem/min B. 0.1 rem/hr C. 1 rem/min | show 🗑
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| Radiosensitivity of tissue or cells is influenced by all of the following except: A. Type of radiation B. Rate of cell division C. Type of cell D. Differentiation stage E. None of the above | show 🗑
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| show | A. minification gain
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| show | C. 12-15 inches
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| The primary advantage to using video disc recording is: A. Reduce patient dose B. Increase image resolution C. Increase recording speed D. Decrease examination time | show 🗑
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| During fluoroscopy, the operator’s dose increases proportional to: A. mA B. Patient dose C. kVp D. Field size | show 🗑
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| The resolution of the fluoroscopic monitor is calculated using: A. Conversion factor B. Bandpass C. Kell factor D. Line pair factor | show 🗑
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| show | D. 2.5
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| When the target-to-panel distance is increased, the patient dose is: A. Increased B. Decreased C. Remains the same D. Doubles | show 🗑
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| Which of the following will decrease patient dose without affecting image brightness? A. Increasing TPD B. Increasing kVp C. Collimating D. Increasing OID | show 🗑
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| Survey meters used to monitor radiation exposure operate on the principle of: A. Luminscence B. Fluorescence C. Ionization D. Thermal energy | show 🗑
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| show | D. bone marrow
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| show | C. 9” water (or 7 7/8” lucite)
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| show | Skin: 50 Rem OR 0.5 Sv
WB: 5 Rem OR .05 Sv
Eye: 15 Rem OR .15 Sv
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| What is/are the radiation unit(s) for? - absorbed dose - radiation exposure / intensity in air - dose equivalent / biological effect | show 🗑
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| show | 18 years of age: 10 % of Adult occupational dose limits
Public: 0.1 Rem in a Year
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| show | Immediate: Total effective dose equiv. of 25 Rems or more Call State Dept.
24: Total effective dose exceeding 5 Rems
Call State Dept within 24 hrs
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| show | WB: Immediate = 25 Rems or More
24 hrs = Exceeding 5 Rems
Eye: Immediate = 75 Rems or More
24 hrs = Exceeding 15 Rems
SD: Immediate = 250 Rads or More
24 hrs = Exceeding 50 Rads
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| show | Forever
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| X Ray equipment must be registered within __ Days of acquisition | show 🗑
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| show | 1.25 mrem/min
- First recognize that the distance has doubled, which means the dose is now 1/4th. – Divide 5 by 4
– Answer = 1.25 mrem/min
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| If the occupational dose is 5 mrem/min at a distance of 2’ from the source, what is the occupational dose at 3’? | show 🗑
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| show | 2.88 ft
– Set up the equation and solve for “x”: • Int 1 / Int 2 = Dist2 2 / Dist 1 2
• 4 mrem/3 mrem = x 2 / 2.5 feet 2
• 1.33= x 2/6.25
• 1.33*6.25 =x2
• 8.31 = x 2
• √8.31 =x
• x=Answer: 2.88 ft
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| show | 0.77 mrem/min
– First, put the original dose rate in mrem/min
• 37 mrem/12 min = 3.08 mrem/min
– Then, recognize that the distance has doubled, which decreases the dose to 1/4th. • (3.08 mrem/min) / 4 = 0.77 mrem/min
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| show | YES
– First, remember that the maximum allowable exposure rate is 2.2 R/min per mA at 80 kVp. – At 3 mA, the max allowable rate would be 6.6 R/min
– 4.2 R/min is less than the max allowable rate
– Answer: yes
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| show | 2 half-value layers
– One “half-value” layer would bring the dose to 50 mrad/min.
– One more “half-value” layer would bring the dose to 25 mrad/min.
– Answer: Two “half-value” layers
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| A 525-line monitor system has a vertical resolution of actual 467 lines. What is the Kell Factor for this system? | show 🗑
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| show | 790 lines
• Kell factor = actual vertical resolution/total lines
• 0.79 = x / 1000
• 0.79 * 1000 = x
• 790 = x
• Answer: 790 line
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| show | 1.1 rads/min
•Put answer in rads/min
–6.2rads/10min=0.62rads/min
•Set up mag equation to find the factor:
–Dose Factor=Normal mode2/Mag mode2
-DF=12”2/9”2=144/81=1.77
•Multiply DF and original dose= mag mode dose:
– 1.77*0.62 rads/min=1.1rads/min
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| The input phosphor of an image intensifier is 6” and the output phosphor is 1”. What is the minification gain? | show 🗑
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| show | 444,960
•Brightness gain=min. gain * flux gain
•Brightness gain=(Input pho2/Output phos2) * flux gain
•Brightness gain = (122 / 12) * 3090
• Brightness gain = (144/1) * 3090
• Total brightness gain = 444,960
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