RAD #7
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| Panoramic film | show 🗑
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| show | used to supplement bite-wings and PA's. Impacted teeth, evaluate eruption patterns, growth, and development, detect diseases, lesions, examine the extent of large lesions, evaluate trauma.
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| PAN image | show 🗑
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| Rotation | show 🗑
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| show | radipgraphic technique that allows the imaging og one layer or section of the body while blurring images from structures in other planes.
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| rotation center | show 🗑
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| show | double center roation, triple center rotation, moving center rotation.
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| show | three dimensional curved zone in which structures are clearly demonstrated on a pan radiograph. Structures within the trough are clear structures outside or inside the trough appear blurred
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| show | the closer the rotation center is to the teeth, the narrower the focal trough. Narrow in anterior and wide in posterior.
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| show | PAN units differ n the number of the rotation centers, the size and shape od the focal trough, and the type of film transport mechanism used.
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| Main components of a unit | show 🗑
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| tubehead | show 🗑
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| collimator | show 🗑
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| vertical angulation | show 🗑
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| exposure factors | show 🗑
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| Screen film | show 🗑
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| Rare earth | show 🗑
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| show | device used to hold the extraoral film and intensifying screens. must be light tight.
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| Position | show 🗑
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| show | a radiopaque artifact seen on a panoramic film that is produced when a radiodense object is penetrated twice by the x-ray beam. on opposite side of film, larger, and higher then actual counterpart.
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| chin is positioned too high | show 🗑
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| show | the mandibular incisors appear blurred, there is a loss of detail in the anterior apical regions, the mandibular condyle may not be visible, an "exaggerated smile line" is apparent.
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| show | they appear blurred, and skinny.
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| show | teeth appear fat and out of focus
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| show | the side farthest from the film appears magnified and the side closest to the film appears smaller.
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| show | field size-coverage of the mandible and maxilla in one film,simplicity-simple and requires a minimal amount of time and training, patient cooperation- accepted by patient, no discomfort, minial exposure- minimal exposure to patient.
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| disadvantages of a PAN | show 🗑
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| extraoral radiography | show 🗑
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| purpose and use | show 🗑
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| equiptment standard unit | show 🗑
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| equiptment PAN | show 🗑
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| show | includes a film holder and head positioner that allow the dental radiographer to position both film and patient easily.
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| show | 5x7 - 8x10 inch
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| cassette | show 🗑
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| grid purpose | show 🗑
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| grid composition | show 🗑
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| lateral jaw uses | show 🗑
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| show | PAN radiograph is prteferred. standard x-ray unit can be used. two projections: body of mandible, and ramus of mandible.
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| show | to evaluate impacted teeth, fractures, and lesions located in the body of the mandible. premolar and molar regions and inferior border of the mandible.
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| placement for lateral jaw- body of mandible | show 🗑
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| head position for lateral jaw- body of mandible | show 🗑
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| show | directed to a point just below the inferior border of the mandible on the side OPPOSITE cassette. bean directed upeard (-15 to -20 degrees). perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the film.
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| purpose of lateral jaw- ramus of mandible | show 🗑
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| show | cassette placed flat against patients cheek centered over ramus of the mandible. cassette parallel with ramus. patient holds cassette with thumb placed under the edge of the cassette and the palm against the outer surface.
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| show | tipped about 15 degrees toward the side being imaged. chin is extended and elevated.
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| show | central ray directed to a point posterior to the third molar region on the OPPOSITE side the cassette. beam directed upward (-15 to -20 degrees) centered on ramus. beam directed perpendicular to the horizontal plane of film.
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| show | cassette pepindicular to floor. long axis of cassette horizontal
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| lateral cephalometric head position | show 🗑
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| lateral cephalometric projection | show 🗑
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| lateral cephalometric beam alignement | show 🗑
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| show | evaluate facial growth and development, trauma, and disease. frontal and ethmoid sinuses, the orbits, ans the nasal cavity.
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| show | cassette perpendicular to floor. long axis of cassette positioned vertically.
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| show | forehead ans nose touch cassette. midsagittal plane perpendicular to floor. frankfort plane positioned parallel with floor. head centered over cassette.
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| show | center of cassette. perpendicular to cassette.
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| show | evaluate the maxillay sinus. frontal and ethmoid sinuses, the orbits, ans the nasal cavity.
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| waters film placement | show 🗑
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| show | chin touches cassette. tip of nose positioned 1/2 to 1 inch away from cassette. midsagittal plane perpendicular to floor.
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| show | center of cassette. perpendicular cassette.
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| show | identify the position of the condyles, demonstrate the base of the skull and evaluate fractures of the zygomatic arch.. sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses ans the lateral wall of the max. sinus.
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| show | cassette perpendicular to floor. long axis of cassette vertical.
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| show | head tipped back. top of head touches cassette. midsagittal plane and frankfort plane perpendicular to floor.
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| show | center of cassette. perpendicular to cassette.
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| submentovertex exposure factors | show 🗑
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| reverse towne projection | show 🗑
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| show | cassette perpendicular to the floor. long axis of cassette vertical.
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| show | head tipped down. mouth wide open. top of forehead touches cassette. midsagittal plane perpendicular to the floor.
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| show | evaluate the superior surface of the condyle and the articualr eminence. evaluate movement of the condyle while the mouth is opened and to compare the joint spaces.
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| show | casette flat against ear. centered over TMJ.
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| transcranial head position | show 🗑
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| transcranial beam alignment | show 🗑
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| TMJ tomography | show 🗑
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| show | use of a cone shaped x-ray beam to acquire an image. a 360 rotation around the patients head.
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| benefits of cone beam technology | show 🗑
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| show | prominence of bone located posterior and inferior to the TMJ. appears as a rounded radiopacity located posterior and inferior to the TMJ. not seen on a PA
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| show | long, pointed, and sharp projection of bone that extends downward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone. anterior to mastoid. appears as a long radiopaque spine that extends from the temporal bone anterior to the mastoid process. not seen on a PA
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| external auditory meatus | show 🗑
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| show | concave, depressed area of the temporal bone. located anterior to the mastoid process and the external auditory meatus. appears as a concave radiopacity superior to the mandibular condyle. not seen on a PA.
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| articular eminence | show 🗑
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| lateral pterygoid | show 🗑
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| pterygomaxillary fissure | show 🗑
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| maxillary tuberosity | show 🗑
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| show | a hole or opening in bone found inferior to the border of the orbit. appears as a round or ovoid radiolucency inferior to the orbit. not seen on PA.
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| show | bony cavity that contains the eyeball. appears as a round radiolucent compartment with radiopaque borders located superior to the max. sinus. only the inferior border of the orbit is visible, where it appears as a radiopaque line.
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| incisive canal | show 🗑
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| show | opening in bone that is located at the midline of the anterior portion of the hard palate directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors. appears as a small, ovoid radiolucency located between the roots of the maxillary central incisors.
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| anterior nasal spine | show 🗑
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| show | a pear-shaped compartment of bone located superior to the maxilla. appears as a large radiolucent area above the maxillary incisors.
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| nasal septum | show 🗑
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| show | bony wall that seperates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity. appears as a horizontal radiopaque band superior to the apices of the maxillary teeth.
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| maxillary sinus and floor of the maxillary sinus | show 🗑
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| show | bony projection of the max. that articulates with the zygoma or cheekbone. appears as a J or U- shaped radiopacity located superior to the maxillary first molar region.
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| zygoma | show 🗑
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| hamulus | show 🗑
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| mandibular condyle | show 🗑
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| coronoid noch | show 🗑
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| coronoid process | show 🗑
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| show | round or ovoid hole in bone on the lingual aspect of the ramus of the mandible. appears as a round or ovoid radiolucency centered within the ramus of the mandible. not seen on PA.
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| lingula | show 🗑
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| mandibular canal | show 🗑
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| show | opening in bone located on the external surface of the mandible in the region of the mand. premolars. appears as a small, ovoid radiolucency located in the apical region of the mandibular premolars.
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| show | linear prominance of bone located on the external surface of the anterior portion of the mandible, extends from the premolar region to the midline. appears as a thick radiopaque band that extends from the mandibular premolar region to the incisor region.
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| show | scooped-out depressed area of bone located on the external surface of the anterior mandible above the mental ridge in the mand. incisor region. appears as a radiolucent area above the mental ridge.
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| show | tiny openings in bone located on the internal surface of the mand. near the midline. appears as a small radiolucent dot located inferior to the apices of the mand. incisors.
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| show | tiny bumps of bone located on the lingual aspect of the mand. appears as a ring-shaped radiopacity surrounding the lingual foramen.
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| show | linear prominance of cortical bone that defines the lower border of the mand. appears as a dense radiopaque band that outlines the lower border of the mand.
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| mylohyoid ridge | show 🗑
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| internal oblique ridge | show 🗑
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| show | prominance of bone on the external surface of the body of the mand. appears as a dense radiopaque band that extends down and forward from the anterior border or the ramus of the mand.
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| angle of the mandible | show 🗑
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| palatoglossal air space | show 🗑
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| nasopharyngeal air space | show 🗑
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| glossopharyngeal air space | show 🗑
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| tongue | show 🗑
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| show | form a muscular curtain that sepertes the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. appears as a diagonal radiopacity projecting posteriorly and inferiorly from the max. tuberosity.
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| lipline | show 🗑
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| ear | show 🗑
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| trauma | show 🗑
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| show | the breaking of a part
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| show | less common than crown fractures. occur most common in maxillary central incisors
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| show | parallel with the plane of the fracture, the root fracture appears as a sharp radiolucent line on a PA. X-ray beam not parallel with the fracture, the adjacent areas of tooth structure obscure the fracture site; as a result the fracture cannot be seen.
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| jaw fractures | show 🗑
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| show | abnormal distplacement of teeth
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| intrusion | show 🗑
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| extrusion | show 🗑
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| avulsin | show 🗑
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| physiological resorption | show 🗑
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| show | regressive alteration of tooth structure that is observed when a toot is subjected to abnormal stimuli.
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| external resorption | show 🗑
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| show | occurs within the crown or root. involves pulp chamber, pulp canals, and dentin. caused by trauma, pulp capping, and pulp polyps. round-to-ovoid radiolucency in the midcrown to midroot area.
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| pulpal sclerosis | show 🗑
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| show | production of secondary dentin which results in obliteration of the pulp cavity.
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| pulp stones | show 🗑
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| show | periapical granulomas, cysts, and abscesses. cannot be diagnosed by their radiographic appearances alone.
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| show | localized mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue at the apex of a NONVITAL tooth. results from pulpal death. give rise to PA cyst or abscess. remocal of the tooth with curettage.
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| show | seen as a widened periodontal ligament space at the root apex. with time the space enlarges and appears as a round, ovoid radiolucency.
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| show | lesion that develops over a long period of time. results from pulpal death. most common tooth related cyst. comprises of 50%-70% of all cysts in the oral region. asymptomatic. endo or extraction curettage. round ovoid radiolucency.
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| periapical abscess | show 🗑
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| acute abscess | show 🗑
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| chronic abscess | show 🗑
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| periodontal abscess | show 🗑
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| show | well defined rediopacity that is seen below the apex of a non vital tooth with a history of long-standing pulpitis. occurs in response to pulpal necrosis. vary in size and shape. not attached to tooth.
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| show | most common PA radiopacity. mos often is the mand. first molar. associated with nonvital teeth, and have a large carious leasion or large rastoration. no treatment.
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| show | well defined radiopacity seen below the apices of vital noncarious teeth. cause unknown. not attached to tooth. varies in size and shape. margins- smooth or irregular, diffuse. no radiolucent outline. asymptomatic.
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| hypercementosis | show 🗑
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