APHG EXAM VOCAB
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | Also known as the built environment. Any time people interact with the environment they shape it in ways that reflect their culture.
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| Arithmetic density | show 🗑
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| Physiological density | show 🗑
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| show | Number of farmers per unit of arable land. High amount: famers less productive (LDC). Low amount: farmers more productive (MDC)
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| Hearth | show 🗑
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| Relocation diffusion | show 🗑
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| Expansion diffusion | show 🗑
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| show | The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places
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| Contagious diffusion | show 🗑
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| show | The spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.
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| Distribution/ Spatial Distribution | show 🗑
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| Environmental determinism | show 🗑
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| show | The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment or alter their environment to suit their needs. (more widely accepted view than environmental determinism)
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| Absolute location | show 🗑
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| Relative location | show 🗑
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| show | The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant. Can be physical (mountains) or human characteristics.
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| Site factors | show 🗑
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| show | The location of a place relative to other places, also relative location
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| Space Time Compression | show 🗑
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| show | Concept is that contact diminishes with increasing distance. Same concept as distance decay.
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| show | The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
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| show | The relationships or points of contact among people and objects across space. Geographers are concerned with the various means by which connections occur.
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| show | Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects.
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| Scale | show 🗑
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| show | An area within which everyone ,or a majority throughout, share in common one or more distinctive characteristics. The shared feature could be a cultural value such as a common language, political boundary, or a dominant economic activity.
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| Functional Region (nodal region) | show 🗑
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| show | Place that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity. Such regions emerge from peoples informal sense of place rather than from scientific models developed through geographic thought. (mental map)
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| show | Physical landscape such as mountains, rivers, etc.
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| show | Describes when a phenomenon is distributed in an organized rather than irregular way.
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| show | Depiction of Earth’s surface on a 2 dimensional surface. Each type creates a different type of distortion.
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| Mercator | show 🗑
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| show | Rounded on sides, minimizes area, shape, distance distortion but has some of all.
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| show | Normally it is presented with multiple interruptions. Its equal-area property makes it useful for presenting spatial distribution of phenomena.
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| show | Place name (the name given to a place on Earth.)
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| show | Depicts phenomena using more or fewer dots. They are often population maps
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| Choropleth map | show 🗑
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| show | Depicts the amount of a phenomenon in a place by the size of a circle over that area. Can
be confusing if circles become large and overlap.
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| Cartogram | show 🗑
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| show | Depicts the elevation of a land area using lines (isolines)
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| show | Graph that shows the number of males and females in each age group within a population.
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| Pronatalist | show 🗑
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| Antinatalist | show 🗑
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| show | The number of people that can live off the resources and arable land in a place. The ability of a place to feed and support its population. If population exceeds carrying capacity, food and/or resources must be imported.
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| show | Age and sex category in a population pyramid.
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| show | In general, LDC’s in stage 2 developing countries and MDC’s in stage 3-4
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| show | 4 stages of population from low to high to decrease to decrease
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| show | The number of people who are too you or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years. This is important because this tells how many people each worker supports.
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| show | Number of children the average woman will have in her child bearing years. Higher in LDC'S and lower in MDC's.
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| Doubling time | show 🗑
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| show | The proportion of earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Has increased with improved technology.
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| Epidemiological transition model | show 🗑
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| Infant mortality rate | show 🗑
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| show | Argued that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the increase in food supply. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.
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| show | The IMR measures the number of infants that die before their first birthday and life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live.
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| show | This is the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; it is expressed as number of birth in year to every 1000 people alive in the society. It tells the rate country having babies and how fast you can expect that population to grow.
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| Neo-malthusian | show 🗑
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| Overpopulation | show 🗑
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| show | Population displayed by age and gender on a bar graph
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| Rate of natural increase/ NIR | show 🗑
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| show | The number of males per hundred females in the population
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| Standard of living | show 🗑
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| Sustainability | show 🗑
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| Underpopulation | show 🗑
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| Zero population growth | show 🗑
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| show | Migration of people of one nationality to a specific place to be close to others of their same nationality in a foreign country.
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| Forced Migration | show 🗑
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| show | Permanent movement within a particular country.
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| Intervening obstacle | show 🗑
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| show | Permanent movement from one country to another
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| Interregional migration pattern | show 🗑
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| Rural-Urban migration pattern | show 🗑
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| show | Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations.
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| show | People who are forced to migrate from their home country and are unable to return because of fear of persecution. This is due to their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion.
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| show | Process whereby a less dominant culture adopts characteristics of the non dominant culture
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| Cultural Ecology | show 🗑
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| Culture | show 🗑
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| Lingua Franca | show 🗑
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| Pidgin Language | show 🗑
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| show | Group of languages that share a common ancestor which existed before recorded history.
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| show | A division of a language family.
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| show | The faithfulness to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involve a faith in a spiritual nature. Can be either a centrifugal or centripetal force
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| show | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a spirit and life. Makes up many of the traditional (not Christian or Islamic) religions of Africa
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| Buddhism | show 🗑
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| Christianity | show 🗑
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| show | Developed by Chinese man Confucius, it’s a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought. Has affected Chinese culture and attitudes for over 2,000 years.
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| show | A religion with a rather concentrated distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location where its adherents are located.
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| show | Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion. This is a growing trend that often results as a backlash against the globalization of a homogenous popular culture.
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| show | The pilgrimage to Mecca for followers of Islam. It’s the fifth of the Five Pillars. All Muslims are supposed to make the pilgrimage at some point in their lives if capable.
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| show | Created in India (represents 80% of India) Third largest in world behind Christianity and Islam.
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| Interfaith boundaries | show 🗑
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| Islam (universalizing) | show 🗑
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| show | Language usage boundary
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| show | It is the religion of ancient Hebrews, said to be one of the first monotheistic faiths. Oldest of the three “Religions of Abraham” (Judaism, Christianity, Islam)
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| Monotheism/polytheism | show 🗑
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| show | Term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saints movement. Originated in Utah, which is its hearth, in the 1800’s.
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| show | Attempt to be global, to appeal to all people wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location.
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| Reincarnation | show 🗑
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| show | Domes and minarets (towers), arches, often adorned with geometric designs
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| Hindu Temples, Buddhist Pagodas | show 🗑
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| Arab-Israeli conflict | show 🗑
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| show | Birthplace of a religion.
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| show | Places with religious names.
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| Sacred space | show 🗑
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| Shamanism | show 🗑
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| show | Ethnic religion of Japan and once its official state religion. Paracticed in combination with Buddhism. Believes leaders have divine qualities.
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| Sikhism | show 🗑
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| Uniform landscape | show 🗑
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| show | Has no permanent residents and doesn't belong to any country. International agreements ban countries from establishing military bases. Many countries have made overlapping claims and most are not recognized by other countries.
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| Apartheid | show 🗑
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| Balkanization | show 🗑
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| show | The kind of boundaries such as natural, cultural, and political
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| Superimposed boundaries | show 🗑
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| Capital | show 🗑
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| show | When cultural elements such as language or religion differ among a population and subsequently cause conflict. (forces that “pull” people apart or divide people)
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| Centripetal Forces | show 🗑
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| City-state | show 🗑
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| show | The attempt by a country (Primarily Europeans) to establish settlements and impose political and economic control over other places.
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| Conference of Berlin | show 🗑
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| show | Core countries have highest levels of development, Semi peripheral countries (China, Mexico, Brazil) are less developed but receive investment from the core. The periphery makes up least developed countries that receive little investment from core.
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| show | Movement of colonies gaining independence. Some were peaceful struggles while others became violent. Occurred in Latin America in the 19th century, and throughout the rest of the world after WWII when Europe was weakened.
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| Devolution | show 🗑
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| Exclusive Economic Zone | show 🗑
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| Ethnic conflict | show 🗑
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| show | Supranational and intergovernmental union of 27 democratic member states of Europe. The EU's activities cover most areas of public policy, from economic policy to foreign affairs, defense, agriculture and trade.
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| show | Most heavily integrated members of the European Union. Members use same currency (Euro), share same central bank (European Central Bank/ ECB), and have eliminated many border crossing stops.
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| Federal State | show 🗑
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| Forward capital | show 🗑
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| Frontier | show 🗑
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| show | Study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to international politics. It examines the political and strategic significance of geography, where geography is defined in terms of the location, size, and resources of places.
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| Gerrymandering | show 🗑
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| show | Type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Are popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity.
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| show | Group of oil exporting countries created to control global oil prices and make profits for members. Mostly middle eastern countries and Venezuela
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| Sovereignty | show 🗑
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| Supranationalism | show 🗑
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| Tribal Sovereignty | show 🗑
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| show | Agreement between Spain and Portugal, mediated by the pope, regarding which parts of the “New World” would be colonized by each country.
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| Unitary State | show 🗑
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| show | Largest and most important international organization. Contains many other organizations. Countries that have question of sovereignty are not members.
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| Agrarian | show 🗑
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| Agribusiness | show 🗑
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| show | The use of machinery in agriculture. Increases productivity, lowers ag density in a society. Occurs as countries become industrialized.
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| show | Variation on the landscape based on the local type of ag. practiced.
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| show | Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them for their own use.
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| show | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain.
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| Animal Domestication | show 🗑
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| show | The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food (fish farming)
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| show | Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops.
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| show | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. First: farming a piece of land to produce the maximum yield per acre/ hectare. Second: Farming over a broad area (ranching)
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| Crop Rotation | show 🗑
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| show | Spread of desert like conditions into surrounding areas.
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| show | The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time. Influences the development of some regions faster than others
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| show | Harvesting twice a year from the same land. Occurs in very heavily populated areas. Can cause agricultural exhaustion
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| Ethanol | show 🗑
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| Extensive agriculture | show 🗑
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| show | Type of agriculture that includes shifting cultivation, and nomadic herding /pastoralism
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| Shifting Cultivation | show 🗑
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| Nomadic herding/pastorilism | show 🗑
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| show | Another term for the primary sector of the economy. Any economic activity involving the taking of resources from the Earth. Involves Agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing.
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| Feedlot | show 🗑
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| show | Also called Neolithic Agricultural Revolution. Around 8000 B.C.humans first domesticated plants and animals. Result was surpluses of food could produced and saved which led to the ability of humans to specialize in their work and form into civilizations.
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| Fishing | show 🗑
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| Forestry | show 🗑
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| Genetically modified organisms | show 🗑
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| show | Period in the 1970’s and 1980’s in which agricultural innovations, such as high-yield seeds and fertilizers greatly increased the global agricultural yield. Also called third ag revolution
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| show | Before the agriculture, humans gained food by hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants. They lived in small groups (less than 50 people), traveled frequently following game and seasonal growth of plants. Less than 250,000 alive today.
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| show | Form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum yield from a parcel of land. Occurs in very heavily populated regions (South and Southeast Asia)
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| show | Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil to too poor to support crops.
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| Mediterranean Agriculture | show 🗑
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| show | Energy replaced continually, has an essentially unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people.
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| show | Energy formed so slowly that for practical purposes it cannot be renewed. The three main fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal)
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| Rural Settlement | show 🗑
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| Dispersed Rural Settlement | show 🗑
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| Circular Rural Settlement | show 🗑
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| show | Rectangular lots that are distributed along a road or river.
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| show | Region of West Africa which grows considerable amount of grains. Name means “Shore of the Desert” One of the world’s two secondary population clusters.
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| show | Defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion; economic features such as agriculture and industry; and physical features such as climate and vegetation.
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| Second Agricultural Revolution | show 🗑
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| Staple Grains | show 🗑
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| show | Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access.
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| Third Agricultural Revolution | show 🗑
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| show | Process of integrating machines into the labor force. Occurred during the industrial revolution (late 1700’s early 1800’s) Increases productivity.
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| show | Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The development of higher-yield crops has produced: a ‘miracle wheat seed'
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| show | Green Revolution has increased production to avoid widespread famine. Allowing the world population to grow about four billion since stared, also allowing populations in developing nations to consume 25% more than before.
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| Transhumance | show 🗑
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| Truck Farm | show 🗑
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| show | Immaginary line that separates the rich “Global North” from the poor “Global South”
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| BRIC/ BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa | show 🗑
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| Bulk Gaining Industry | show 🗑
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| show | Industry in which the final product is smaller and lighter than the input. Will normally locate close to inputs to cut transportation costs.
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| Calorie consumption | show 🗑
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| show | Product or service a country can offer at the most competitive price.
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| Copper Industry | show 🗑
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| show | States that LDCs depend on the Core Countries to such a great extent that core countries are able to exploit LDC’s, and that Core Countries develop at the expense of the LDC’s.
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| Economic Development | show 🗑
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| show | Index of development. MDCs tend to consume much more energy per capita than do LDCs. This will be important in the future because as LDCs begin to industrialize, there will be a great strain on the world’s energy supply.
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| Foreign direct investment | show 🗑
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| show | Important indicator of development. Inequality between men and women is greater in less developed countries.
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| Gender Inequality Index | show 🗑
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| show | Total value of goods and services produced in a year in a country. The value varies greatly between MDCs and LDCs, and is also dependent on population. Measures size of entire economy.
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| Gross Domestic Product per capita | show 🗑
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| Gross national income | show 🗑
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| show | Index of development, which takes into account economic, social and demographic factors, using GNI per capita, literacy, amount of education, and life expectancy.
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| International Division of Labor | show 🗑
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| International Monetary Fund | show 🗑
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| Maquiladoras | show 🗑
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| Multinational/ Transnational corporations | show 🗑
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| NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) | show 🗑
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| show | Countries that have recently industrialized and have seen improvements in living standards and income. Living standards, while improved, are still not at level of the economic core, or more developed countries. Like semi periphery
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| show | Amount which can be produced by the average worker over a given period of time.
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| Purchasing power parity | show 🗑
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| W.W. Rostow | show 🗑
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| show | Extracting raw materials from the earth: agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry
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| Secondary sector | show 🗑
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| show | Services such as retail, banking, doctors, law, etc
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| show | Factors which drive decision makers who decide where to locate factories
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| Land (Site Factor) | show 🗑
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| Labor (Site Factor) | show 🗑
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| show | Is money available? Will local governments give money incentives to open there? (often yes) Will they give a tax break? Are loans available there?
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| show | Situation in which a country must cut government programs and spending as a condition of receiving a loan from the IMF.
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| show | Difference in technologies used and/or developed in two companies, countries, ethnic groups, etc., where one is more advanced than the other. Helps to explain the differences between MDCs and LDCs.
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| show | Originally referred to non-aligned countries during the Cold War. Now refers to LDC’s
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| show | Innovation in automobile production created by Toyota. Parts ordered as are needed (Just In Time Delivery) from nearby suppliers rather than being stored in the factory. This significantly decreases costs by allowing the factory to be much smaller.
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| show | Obstacles created to make importing goods difficult. Include tariffs, quotas, and requirements for licenses. Purpose is to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Opposite of free trade.
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| World Systems Theory/ Immanuel Wallerstein | show 🗑
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| show | Highly efficient method of mass production in which each worker specializes in one very brief and simple task on the assembly line, which is done over and over in rapid succession.
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| Post Fordist production | show 🗑
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| Agglomeration economies | show 🗑
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| show | Aluminum production is very energy intensive, and therefore likely to locate closer to cheap sources of energy.
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| Value Added | show 🗑
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| Basic Industries | show 🗑
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| Non Basic Industries | show 🗑
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| show | A neighborhood, usually a slum or lower class
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| Blockbusting | show 🗑
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| show | Previously abandoned and polluted industrial sites which are available to be purchased, cleaned, and redeveloped through grants from the EPA.
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| show | Center of economic activity and population density in a city
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| show | these are govt. designated areas in cities that each have ~5,000 people, they often times correspond to neighborhoods
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| show | Explains factors related to the distribution of services within cities
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| Range | show 🗑
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| show | Minimum number of customers a service needs to stay in business
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| Hinterland | show 🗑
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| City | show 🗑
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| Cityscapes | show 🗑
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| show | Cities founded by colonial powers
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| Concentric Zone Model | show 🗑
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| show | Net migration from urban to rural areas
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| Deindustrialization | show 🗑
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| Density gradient | show 🗑
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| show | Refers to suburban communities that emerge around the beltways of major cities.
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| show | A shantytown or slum, in Brazil
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| Gentrification | show 🗑
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| Ghetto | show 🗑
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| show | Development of worldwide patterns of economic, political, and cultural relationships. Led by multinational corporations, international trade agreements, and improvements in transportation and communication technology.
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| show | Giant city, series of overlapping statistical areas.
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| Metropolitan Statistical Area | show 🗑
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| Micropolitan Statistical Area | show 🗑
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| show | Situation in which the nth largest city is 1/n the size of the largest. Indicates that there is enough wealth in a country to provide adequate level of services to every part of the country.
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| show | Opposite of Rank Size Rule. Situation in which the largest city is much more than twice the size of the second largest.
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| Redlining | show 🗑
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| Rust Belt | show 🗑
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| show | Unrestricted spread of the suburbs into outlying rural areas, often without adequate planning or conservation efforts.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
alanruge
Popular AP Human Geography sets