Biochem Final, Mizzou, Spring 2015
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| circular | DNA is located in the cytoplasm of bacteria; it is _____ in prokaryotes (bacteria)
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| nucleus | where the DNA or "genome" is located eukaryotic cells
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| linear | DNA is _____ in eukaryotes & contained within chromosomes
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| DNA | genes are composed of ____
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| humans | have 20-30,000 genes
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| nucleotides | DNA and RNA are polymers of ______
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| nucleotides | consist of a nitrogen base, a monosaccharide, & at least one phosphate
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| RNA | sugar is a ribose, contains an OH group on the 2' C
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| DNA | sugar is a deoxyribose, contains an H group on the 2' C
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| nucleoside | a nitrogen base & a ribose sugar
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| nucleotide | a nucleoside (base and ribose) with a phosphate group
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| primary | this structure of nucleic acids is the order of the bases
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| secondary | this structure of nucleic acids is the 3-D conformation of the polynucleotide backbone
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| tertiary | this structure of nucleic acids is the supercoiling
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| quaternary | this structure of nucleic acids is the DNA/ protein interactions
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| phosphodiester | nucleotides are linked 5' to 3' by _________ bonds (primary structure)
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| constant | the sugar-phosphate backbone is _______ (primary structure)
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| variable | the nitrogen bases are _____ on the structure (primary structure)
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| secondary structure | the ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands
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| double helix | 2 anti-parallel DNA strands coiled around the same axis (spiral staircase) this is the secondary structure
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| negatively | DNA strands are anti-parallel and overall DNA is _____ charged (acidic)
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| hydrogen | _______ bonds hold the two DNA strands together
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| two | A-T has ____ hydrogen bonds
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| three | G-C has ____ hydrogen bonds
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| upwards | B-DNA is a *right-handed* helix (point thumb up, DNA winds ____ in direction fingers are pointing)
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| 32 | each base toasted by ____ degrees compared to the next provides for maximum base pairing
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| supercoiling | the 3-D arrangement of all atoms of the DNA is called ________
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| topoisomerase | enzymes that control the supercoiled state of DNA are ________
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| topoisomerase 1 | cuts the phosphodiester backbone of ONE strand, passes the end through, and reseals the strand
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| topoisomerase 2 | cuts BOTH strands, passes some of the remaining DNA helix between the cut strands, and reseals; gets rid of 2 coils at a time
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| histones | supercoiling of eukaryotic DNA occurs through complexes with proteins called _______
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| positively | histones are _____ charged proteins; rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine
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| chromatin | a complex of DNA wound around histones in a bead-like structure
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| nucleosome | a structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones
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| histone proteins | H2A, H2B, H3, & H4 (there are two of each)
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| hyperchromicity | is the increase of absorbance (optical density) of a material. The most famous example is that of DNA that occurs when the DNA duplex is denatured
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| uracil | the pyrimidine nitrogen bases in RNA are ____ and cytosine
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| tRNA | transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis; intramolecular hydrogen bonding between A-U and G-C occurs in the sections of _____; "cloverleaf structure"
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| rRNA | FOUND IN RIBOSOMES, the site of protein synthesis
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| mRNA | directs amino acid sequence of proteins; contains the genetic information from DNA (genes); is translated into a polypeptide sequence (protein or an amino acid polymer)
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