Psychology
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| psychology | scientific study of behavior and mental process
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| phrenology | defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics were localized to specific areas of the brain
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| structuralism | a method by which the human mind is defined in the simplest components (Hemholtz)
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| clinical psychology | modernly known as a branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of mental, behavioral and emotional disorders
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| psychoanalytic theory | an approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviors
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| cognitive psychology | interdisciplinary method that studies brain activity as it links with cognition
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| contemporary psychology | biological, psychological, social-cultural
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| tenacity | hearing a piece of info so often that you accept it as true
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| empiricism | gaining knowledge through observation based on the five senses
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| illusory correlation | phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between two variables when no actual relationship exists
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| synapse | gap between the axon of one cell and the dendrites of another
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| neurotransmitters | chemicals that are released and sent across the synapse
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| agonists | drugs that increase action of a neurotransmitter
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| antagonists | drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
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| nervous system | interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body
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| central nervous system | part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
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| peripheral nervous system | part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and muscles
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| somatic nervous system | set of nerves that conveys info between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system
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| autonomic nervous system | set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glands
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| sympathetic nervous system | set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations
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| parasympathetic nervous system | set of nerves that helps the body return to normal resting state
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| pituitary gland | master gland, releases a hormone that directs the functions of many other glands in the endocrine system
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| pineal gland | produces melatonin, regulates sleep patterns
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| thyroid gland | one of the largest glands, produces hormones that regulate growth and development through metabolism
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| adrenal gland | regulates salt and metabolism
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| occipital lobe | process visual info
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| parietal lobe | processes info about touch, spatial sense and navigation
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| temporal lobe | responsible for hearing and language
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| frontal lobe | responsible for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgment
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| motor cortex | responsible for execution of movement
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| electroencephalogram | used to record electrical activity in the brain
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| PET scan | visual display of brain activity
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| MRI | uses magnetic fields and radio waves, distinguish brain tissues
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| TMS | delivers a magnetic pulse through the skull
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| brain plasticity | brains ability to adapt to changes in sensory inputs
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| developmental psychology | study of continuity and changes across the lifespan
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| teratogens | agents (drugs or viruses) that damage the process of development
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| cephalocaudal rule | "top to bottom" rule, infants will gain control of their head before they gain control of their feet
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| proximodistal rule | "inside out" rule, infants will gain control of their torso before elbows and knees and will control their elbows and knees before hands and feet
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| sensorimotor stage | birth- 2 years
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| schemas | theories about the way the world works
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| assimilation | way in which infants apply their schemas to new situations
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| accommodation | process by which infants change their schemas due to new info
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| object permanence | belief that an object still exists, even when you cannot see it
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| preoperational stage | 2-6 years
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| concrete operational stage | 6-11 years
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| formal operational stage | 11 years and up
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| preconventional stage of morality | stage in which the morality of an action is determined by the consequences for the actor
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| conventional stage | stage where the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
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| postconventional stage | stage where the morality of the action is determined by a set of principles that reflect individual values
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| oral-sensory stage | birth to 12-18 months
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| muscular-anal stage | 18 months to 2 years
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| locomotor stage | 3 to 6 years
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| latency stage | 6 to 12 years
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| adolescence stage | 12 to 18 years
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| young adulthood stage | 19 to 40 years
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| middle adulthood stage | 40 to 65 years
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| maturity stage | 65 to death
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| memory | ability to store and retrieve information over time
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| semantic encoding | process of relating new info in a meaningful way to previously stored knowledge
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| visual imagery encoding | process of storing new info by converting it into mental pictures
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| organizational encoding | process of categorizing info according to relationships among series of items
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| sensory memory | type of storage that holds sensory info for only a few seconds
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| iconic memory | fast-decaying store of visual info
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| echoic memory | fast-decaying store of auditory info
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| haptic memory | fast-decaying store of touch-based info
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| short-term storage | type of memory that holds non-sensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
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| long-term storage | type of memory that holds info for hours, days, weeks or years
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| semantic memory | made up of facts and general knowledge
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| episodic memory | pertains to our personal lives and experience
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| procedural memory | pertains to motor and cognitive skills
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| anterograde amnesia | inability to make new memories
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| retrograde amnesia | inability to retrieve old memories
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| transience | forgetting what happens with the passage of time
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| blocking | failure to retrieve info from your memory, even when you try to access it
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| memory misattribution | happens when we assign a memory, even when you try to access it
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| suggestibility | tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections
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| persistence | intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
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| learning | relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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| habituation | process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to stimuli results in a reduction in responding
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| acquisition | stage where the neutral stimulus is first associated with the unconditioned stimulus
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| second-order conditioning | when a CS is paired with a NS causing the NS to become associated with the original stimulus
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| extinction | gradual unlearning of a learned response when the CS is repeatedly given without the US
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| spontaneous recovery | tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
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| generalization | when the CR is observed even when the CS is slightly different from the CS used in acquisition
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| personality | individuals characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling
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| repression | banishes anxiety related thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness
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| rationalization | offers self-justifying explanations in place of real reasons for ones actions
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| projection | disguising your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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| regression | leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage
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| displacement | shifting sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
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| identification | dealing with feelings of threat and anxiety by unconsciously taking on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful
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| sublimation | channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable activities
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| social psychology | how we think about, influence and relate to one another
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| social cognition | process by which people come to understand others
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| attribution theory | people provide casual explanations for someone else's behavior
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| situational attribution | decision that a person's behavior is influenced by the environment
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| dispositional attribution | decision that a person's behavior is influenced by their personality
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| fundamental-attribution error | tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should make a situational attribution
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| actor-observer effect | tendency to make situational attributions for your actions but to make dispositional attributions for others actions
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| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | tendency to agree with a larger request after fulfilling a smaller request
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| door-in-the-face phenomenon | influence strategy that involves getting an individual to deny an outrageous request, making them more likely to agree to a reasonable request
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| cognitive dissonance theory | unpleasant state that occurs when a person recognizes that there is inconsistency between attitudes and actions
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| social influence | occurs when ones emotions, opinions or behaviors are affected by others
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| normative influence | occurs when another person's behavior provides info about what is appropriate
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| informational influence | occurs when another person's behavior provides info about what is true
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| social facilitation | improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
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| social loafing | tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort towards a goal than when tested individually
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| deindividuation | loss of self-awareness and restraint in group situations
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| groupthink | mode of thinking when the need for harmony in a group overrides reality
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| altruism | behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself
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| equity | people receive from a relationship what they give
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| self-disclosure | act of reveling intimate aspects of oneself to others
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| reciprocal altruism | behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned later
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| mere exposure effect | repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases attraction
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| passionate love | experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction
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| companionate love | experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partner's wellbeing
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| frustration-aggression hypothesis | suggests that we aggress when our desires are frustrated
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| self-fulfilling prophecy | tendency for people to behave as expected to behave
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| stereotype threat | fear of confirming negative beliefs that others hold
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| perceptual confirmation | tendency for people to see what they want to see
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| subtyping | tendency to modify stereotypes after learning new info
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| anxiety disorders | characterized by feelings of apprehension and anxiety
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| phobic disorders | characterized by excessive fear and avoidance of specific things
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| obsessive compulsive disorders | marked by persistence of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in rituals that causes distress
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| reactive attachment disorder | pattern of emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers
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| post-traumatic stress disorder | characterized by chronic thoughts or image of trauma
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| dysthymia | similar to major depressive disorder but lasts 2 years
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| bipolar disorder | characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood and low mood for at least 2 years
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| personality dirsoders | characterized by enduring patterns of relating to others and controlling impulses
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| Thomas Hobbes | believed that the mind and body are the same thing
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| William Wundt | father of modern psychology
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| Rene Descartes | believed that the mind and body were different but they interacted through a single link, the pineal gland
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| Carl Jung | student of Freud
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| Alfred Adler | founded individual psychology
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| Karen Horney | founded feminist psychology, neo-Freudian
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| J.B. Watson | founded behaviorism, classical conditioning
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| B.F. Skinner | founded radical behaviorism
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| Abraham Maslow | positive psychology, Maslow's hierarchy
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| Phineas Gage | man who had a rod go through his head and his whole demeanor changed
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| Edward Thorndike | law of effect (rewarded behavior is likely to occur again)
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| Albert Bandura | found that children learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments
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| Heider | Attribution Theory
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| Philippe Pinel | presented a medical model to understanding demonic possession
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