Psy 100 - OSU - Memory
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| memory | retention of information over time
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| suggestive memory techniques | procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place
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| memory illusion | false but subjectively compelling memory
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| span | how much information a memory system can contain
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| duration | legnth of time for which a memory system can retain information
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| sensory memory | breif storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory
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| iconic memory | visual sensory memory
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| echoic memory | auditory sensory memory
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| short-term memory | memory system that retains information for limited durations
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| decay | fading of information from memory
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| interference | loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information
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| retroactive inhibition | interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information
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| proactive inhibition | interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information
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| Magic Number | the span of short-term memory, according to George Miller: seven plus or minus two pieces of information
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| chunking | organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory
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| rehersal | repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short term memory
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| maintenance rehersal | repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory
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| elaborative rehersal | linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory
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| levels of processing | depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it
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| long-term memory | sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills
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| permastore | type of long term memory that appears to be permanent
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| primacy effect | tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
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| recency effect | tendency to remember at the end of a list especially well
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| von Restorff effect | tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli
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| serial position curve | graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on people's ability to recall items on a list
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| semantic memory | our knowledge of facts about the world
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| episodic memory | recollection of events in our lives
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| explicit memory | memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
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| implicit memory | memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
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| procedural memory | memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
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| priming | our ability to identify a stimulus more easily after we've encountered similar stimuli
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| encoding | process of getting information into our memory banks
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| mnemonic | a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
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| storage | process of keeping information in memory
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| schema | organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory
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| retrieval | reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
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| retrieval clues | hints that make it easier for us to recall information
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| recall | generating previously remembered information from an array of options
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| relearning | reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten over time
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| distributed versus massed practice | studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large incriments over a breif period of time (massed)
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| tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon | experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it
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| encoding specificity | phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it
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| context-dependent learning | superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
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| state-dependent learning | superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same psyological or psychological state as during encoding
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| long-term potentiation (LTP) | gradual stregnthening of the connections among neurons from repetetive stimulation
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| retrograde amnesia | loss of memories from our past
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| anterograde amnesia | inability to encode new memories from our experiences
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| flashbulb memories | emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed
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| source monitoring | ability to identify the origins of a memory
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| cryptomnesia | failure to recognise that our ideas originated with someone else
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| misinformation effect | creation of ficticious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place
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