ANEMIA
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| Types of Anemia | Microcytic, Normocytic, Macrocytic
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| Microcytic Anemia | Mean cell volume is lower than normal. Iron deficiency, hemoglobinopathy, chronic disease, lead disease.
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| Normocytic Anemia | Mean cell volume is normal. Acute bleeding, aplastic, hemolytic, low erythropoietin, malignancy.
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| Macrocytic Anemia | Low vitamin B12, low folate.
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| Anemia vs. Polycythemia | Anemia = deficit of RBCs
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| Vitamin B12 | essential for synthesis of DNA; without B12 cells cannot divide properly
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| Folate | necessary for synthesis of nucleic acids and nuclear maturation of RBCs; involved with DNA replication
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| Iron | essential to hemoglobin. iron is what carries the oxygen in the RBC.
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| Stem Cells | RBCs are developed from stem cells
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| Erythropoietin | kidney hormone that synthesizes RBCs; action on stem cells turns them into mature RBCs
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| Hemoglobin in Mature RBCs | in each mature RBC = 300 hemoglobin molecules. compromise 90% of dry weight
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| Hemoglobin Catabolism | Hemoglobin is broken into globin and heme (biliverdin). Biliverdin is broken into bilirubin which is then broken into bile and iron. Both globin and iron are recylced.
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| General Signs of Anemia | increased respiration, increased HR, fatigue, decreased activity, pallor, transient heart murmor
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