Chapter 19
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| gastrointestinal (GI) tract | show 🗑
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| show | Teeth,tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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| ingestion | show 🗑
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| show | Each day, cells within the walls of the GI tract and accessory organs secrete a total of about 7 liters of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract
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| mixing and propulsion | show 🗑
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| digestion | show 🗑
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| show | the teeth cut and grind food before it is swallowed, and then smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestine churn the food
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| chemical digestion | show 🗑
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| absorption | show 🗑
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| defecation | show 🗑
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| show | four layers of the GI tract
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| mucosa | show 🗑
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| submucosa | show 🗑
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| muscularis | show 🗑
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| show | membrane that secretes a slippery, watery fluid that allows the tract to glide easily against other organs
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| show | drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine like a "fatty apron"
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| show | A part of the peritoneum that binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
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| show | cheeks, hard and soft palates, and tongue
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| show | consists of the maxillae and palatine bones, forms most of the roof of the mouth
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| show | muscles in the mouth
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| uvula | show 🗑
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| lingual frenulum | show 🗑
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| papillae | show 🗑
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| parotid, submandibular, sublingual | show 🗑
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| parotid glands | show 🗑
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| show | found in the floor of the mouth
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| sublingual glands | show 🗑
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| show | 99.5% water, 0.5% solutes. Water helps dissolve foods so they can be tasted and begins digestion. Solutes begin digestion of starches in the mouth
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| salivary amylase | show 🗑
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| salivation | show 🗑
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| mastication | show 🗑
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| bolus | show 🗑
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| pharynx | show 🗑
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| show | a muscular tube lined with stratified squamous epithelium, transports food to the stomach and secretes mucus
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| show | 2 sphincters at the end of the esophagus
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| upper esophageal sphincter | show 🗑
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| lower esophageal sphincter | show 🗑
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| voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal | show 🗑
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| voluntary stage | show 🗑
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| pharyngeal stage | show 🗑
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| esophageal stage | show 🗑
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| peristalsis | show 🗑
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| show | mixing chamber and holding reservoir
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| rugae | show 🗑
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| show | secrete mucus
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| show | secrete pepsinogen
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| show | inactive form of pepsin
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| show | produce hydrochloric acid which kills microbes and converts pepsinogen into pepsin
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| gastric juices | show 🗑
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| show | secrete the hormone gastrin
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| mixing waves | show 🗑
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| chyme | show 🗑
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| show | mixing wave forces a small amount of chyme through the the partially closed pyloric sphincter into the duodenum
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| pancreatic duct | show 🗑
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| show | pancreatic cells arranged in clusters, exocrine
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| show | cells within acini secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes, contains water, salt, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes
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| show | 1% of the other pancreatic cells, endocrine. Secrete glucagen, insulin, somastatin, and pancreatic polypeptide
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| pancreatic amylase | show 🗑
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| trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase | show 🗑
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| show | digests tryglycerides
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| show | digests nucleic acids
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| enterokinase | show 🗑
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| liver | show 🗑
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| gallbladder | show 🗑
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| show | units of the liver
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| show | specialized cells that make up lobules
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| show | highly permeable capillaries
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| emuslification | show 🗑
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| bilirubin | show 🗑
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| show | found in the small intestine, contain microvilli and digest and absorb nutrients in small intestinal chyme
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| show | secrete hormones into the bloodstream such as secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
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| show | secrete an alkaline mucus
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| circular folds | show 🗑
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| villi | show 🗑
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| lacteal | show 🗑
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| microvilli | show 🗑
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| show | secreted by the intestinal glands, contains mucus, alkaline
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| show | localized contractions that slosh chyme back and forth
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| show | splits maltose into two molecules of glucose
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| sucrase | show 🗑
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| show | digests lactose into a molecule of glucose and a molecule of galactose
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| peptidases | show 🗑
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| show | tiny droplets that include some bile salt molecules along with the long chain fatty acids, monoglycerides, cholesterol, and other dietary lipids
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| chylomicrons | show 🗑
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| show | a strong peristaltic wave that begins in the middle of the colon and drives the colonic contents into the rectum
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| defecation reflex | show 🗑
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| show | smell, sight, sound, or thought of food activates neural centers in the brain, leading to salivation
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| gastric phase | show 🗑
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| show | slows digestion
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