AP Human Geo Unit I 2016
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Physical Geography | deals with Earth's natural processes and their outcomes
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| Human Geography | reveals how and why geographical relationships are important
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| Regional Geography | regions have similar attributes distinct from those of other places
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| Political Ecology | an approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environment issues both reflect, and the result of the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated
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| Natural Landscape | the realm of geography that studies the structures, processes, distributions, and change through time of the natural phenomena of the earth's surface
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| Cultural Ecology | a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relatinships
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| Cultural Landscape | the fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group; built landscape
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| Carl Sauer | Cultural Landscapes should be fundamental focus of geography
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| George Perkins Marsh | "Man and Nature" or "Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action"
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| Eratosthenes | first to use the word "geography" - determined circumference of the earth
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| Cartography | art and science of making maps
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| Scale | ratio between the distance on a map and the actual distance on Earth's surface
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| Large Scale | depict smaller areas (maps of neighborhood or local area)
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| Small Scale | depict larger areas (maps of world or continents)
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| Projection | a system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map
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| Mercator Projection | cylindrical projections - preserves accurate compass direction, distorts landmasses relative to each other
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| Peters Projection | cylindrical projection that retains the accurate sizes of all world's landmasses
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| Mollweide Projection | Pseudo cylindrical projection - central meridian and parallels straight, but not other meridians
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| Robinson Projection | minimizes errors in area, shape, distance, and direction - aesthetically pleasing balance
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| Azimuthal Projection | planar projections - formed when flat piece of paper is placed on top of the globe and light source projects surrounding areas on the map
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| Goodes-Homolosine Projection | interrupted equal area map projection used for data representation
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| Fuller Projection | maintains accurate size and shape of landmasses, but completely rearranges direction
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| Climate Maps | general information about the climate and precipitation of a region
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| Economic or Resource Maps | feature the type of natural resources or economic activity that dominated an area
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| Physical Maps | illustrate the physical features of an area, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes; colors are used to show relief - differences in land elevations
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| Political Maps | indicate state and national boundaries and capital and major cities
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| Cartogram | present statistics in a pictorial way; might show countries of the world in their proper map position, but with each country distorted to a size proportionate to its population
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| Topographic Maps | include contour (isoline) lines to show the shape and elevation of an area; lines that are close together indicate steep terrain, lines that are far apart indicate flat terrain
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| Dot Maps | use points to show precise locations of specific observations or occurrences; show frequency of events or phenomon
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| Choropleth Maps | use colors or tonal shadings to represent categories of data for given geographic areas
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| Flow-Line Maps | typically use arrows to illustrate movement
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| Cognitive Maps | inform people's spatial behavior; individual internal geographic understandings of a place
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| Remote Sensing | Acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long distance methods
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| Global Positioning Systems | a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites
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| Geographic Information System | a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes and displays geographic data in layers
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| Place | a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic
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| Toponym | name given to a place on Earth
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| Site | describes the physical characteristics where a settlement is located
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| Situation | describes where a place is in relation to its surroundings
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| Regional Studies | an approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area
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| Region | an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
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| Formal Region | an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics
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| Functional Region | an area organized around a node o focal point, importance diminishes outward
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| Distance Decay | the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
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| Vernacular Region | an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
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| Culture | the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people
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| Globalization | the expansion of economic, political, and cultural activities to the point that they reach and have impact on many areas of the world
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| Transnational Corporation | a company that conducts research, operates factories, sells products in many countries, not just where is headquarters or shareholders are located
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| Space | the physical gap or interval between 2 objects
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| Spatial Perspective | observing variations in geographic phenomena across space
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| Spatial Distribution | physical location of geographic phenomena across space
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| Spatial Interaction | the movement (e.g. of people, goods, information) between places; an indication of interdependence between different geographic locations or areas
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| Complementarity | degree to which one place can supply something that another place demands
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| Transferability | costs involved in moving goods from one place to another
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| Connectivity | the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network
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| Accessibility | important factor in the cost of goods and services
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| Distribution | the arrangement and organization of a feature in space
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| Density | the frequency at which something occurs in space
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| Concentration | the spread of a variable over a given area
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| Pattern | the geometric or regular arrangement in a study area
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| Diffusion | process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time
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| Hearth | place from which an innovation originates
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| Relocation Diffusion | spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
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| Expansion Diffusion | spread of a feature from central node or hearth to another through various means
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| Hierarchical Diffusion | spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places
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| Contagious Diffusion | rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population
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| Stimulus Diffusion | spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse
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| Space-Time Compression | the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
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| Friction of Distance | a measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places
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| Environmental Determinism | an early 20th century approach created by von Humbolt and Ritter which stated that human behaviors are a direct result of their environment
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| Possibilism | a present day theory created by Da Blache that the physical environment may limit human action, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
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