microbiology
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| Metabolism | All chemical reactions within a living
organism
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| All chemical reactions within a living organism effects the cell by: | –Growth
–Reproduction
–Maintain structures
–Respond to the environment
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| Catabolism_____ energy. | releases energy
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| Breaking down of complex chemicals into simple ones (degradative reaction | Catabolism
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| Anabolism_______) energy. | stores
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| Building up complex chemicals from simple ones (biosynthetic reaction) | Anabolism_
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| Drive all biological processes | enzymes
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| Mostly proteins (a few are RNA) that accelerate (catalyze) chemical reactions | enzymes
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| Enzyme structure: | 3D-shape unique to a specific enzyme
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| The Lock and key concept of an enzyme: | Flexible complementary geometric
shapes that fit into one another
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| Enzymes mechanisms__________________________. | Speed up chemical reactions under
physiological conditions
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| Lower activation energy includes: | Increase frequency of collision
• Orient molecules
• Shield opposite charges on substrates
• Break chemical bonds
• Form new chemical bond
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| Substance that the enzyme acts on | Enzyme substrate
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| Enzyme does not change during reaction (it is not consumed) T/F | True
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| Reactions occur up to 10 billion times faster than without enzyme ?T/F | True
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| Production of carbonic acid in the cell Without enzyme? | 200 molecules/hour
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| Production of carbonic acid in the cell with an enzyme with the enzyme carbonic anhydrase ? | • 600,000 molecules/sec
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| Most enzymes consist of a ? | a protein and a cofactor
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| The Protein portion of an enzyme is called a? | Apoenzyme
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| Nonprotein portion for an enzyme is called? | cofactor
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| The Nonprotein portion cofactor and be i_________ or o______. | inorganic or organic
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| Organic nonprotein portion cofactor consist of: | coenzymens
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| Inorganic nonprotein portion cofactor consist of: | metals
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| Apoenzyme + Cofactor = | Holoenzyme
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| many are derived from vitamins | Cofactor
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| small molecules, not an structural part of the enzyme | coenzymes
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| Coenzymes function as: | Electron carriers/transfer
Usually interact briefly with enzyme
(organic)
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| An example of a coenzyme is N__+ | NAD+
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| Factors that influencing enzymatic activity are: | • Temperature
• pH
• Inhibitors
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| Protein denaturing agents are can be P______or C_____. | Physical
Chemical
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| Inhibitors include | Heavy-metal ions (lead, arsenic, mercury, etc.)
– Chemicals structurally similar to substrate (competitive
inhibition)
– Protein denaturing agents
• Physical
• Chemical
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| Enzyme inhibitors Competitive: | Substances similar to substrate and bind to active site
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| Example of Enzyme Competition is (PABA)________________ | Sulfanilamide – para-amino benzoic acid
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| Inorganic cofactors are a p_________component of the enzyme | Permanent component of the enzyme
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| Metal ions (Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn, Ca, Co, etc) are examples of : | inorganic cofactors
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| Bridge between substrate and enzyme | inorganic cofactor
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| Enzyme inhibitors that are non competitive and that tie up cofactor metals Example C______ binds to Fe- | Cyanide binds strongly to Fe –Inhibits the enzyme cytochrome C oxidase which needs Fe as a cofactor
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| Cyanide binds strongly to Fe –Inhibits the enzyme: | cytochrome c oxidase
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| In allosteric inhibition the enzyme: | it is a Normal regulatory physiological process – andthe End product binds to allosteric site changing its shape
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| Ribozymes are: | are non protein enzymes
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| Ribozymes are made of r___ and act on r___ s__________. | –Made of RNA andAct on RNA substrates
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| Removes segments from RNA (introns) –Splices remaining pieces and Renders mRNA | Ribozymes
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| Energy Production of eukaryotes occurs in the : | Cytoplasm and mitochondria
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| Energy Production of bacteria cells occur in the: | Cytoplasm and plasma membrane
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| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | ATP breaks down to ADP and inorganic phosphate • Release of high amounts of energy
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| Other high energy molecules (coenzymes)________________ | Transfer energy (electrons) among molecules
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| Temporary electron acceptors-donors are | •NAD, FAD
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| The oxidation form of the electron acceptos- donors are: | NAD+, AND FAD+
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| The reduction from of the electron acceptors-donors are | NADH+ and FADH+
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| What happens during oxidation-reduction (Redox reactions) ? | Transfer of electrons (e–) from one molecule to another molecule occur
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| The carriers of e–in biological reactions are: | Coenzymes (cofactors)
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| Highly reduced compounds (many C-H bonds) are: | are high in energy (sugars, fats)
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| Highly oxidized compounds (few or no CH bonds) | are low in energy
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| The two Energy metabolisms are: | Respiration and or Fermentation
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| In respiration the final electron acceptor is an | inorganic molecule 02
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| In fermentation the final electron acceptor is: | an organic molecule (pyrvic acid or a molecule that deprives from it)
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| The steps of respiration include: | • Glycolysis • Krebs cycle • Electron transport chain (system) –Final electron acceptor • Inorganic molecule (i.e. oxygen
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| The steps of Fermentation include: | Glycolysis • Reduction of pyruvic acid • Final electron acceptor –Organic molecule (pyruvic acid or a molecule derived from it)
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| In eukaryotes respiration and fermentation occur in the : | cytoplasm
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| L___________and P___________may be the source of electrons for glycolysis, respiration and fermentation | Lipids and Protiens
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| Fermentation | Degradation of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (pyruvic acid from glycolysis) –Internal acceptor
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