Goljan HY Systemic Pathology
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| show | synthesized in peritubular capillaries
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| Reticulocyte count | show 🗑
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| Extramedullary hematopoiesis | show 🗑
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| Newborn physiologic anemia | show 🗑
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| show | Hb and Hct decreased; greater increase in plasma volume than RBC mass
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| Anemia | show 🗑
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| show | average volume of RBCs; useful for anemia classification
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| MCHC | show 🗑
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| show | ↓ in microcytic anemias; ↑ in spherocytosis
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| Thalassemias | show 🗑
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| show | RBC size variation; ↑ iron deficiency; normal in other microcytic anemias
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| Mature RBC | show 🗑
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| show | ↑ iron deficiency; ↓ anemia chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia
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| % Saturation | show 🗑
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| Serum ferritin | show 🗑
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| show | iron deficiency MC, anemic chronic disease, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia
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| show | MCC Meckel’s diverticulum
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| Iron deficiency woman < 50 | show 🗑
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| Iron deficiency man < 50 | show 🗑
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| Iron deficiency men/woman > 50 | show 🗑
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| Stages iron deficiency | show 🗑
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| Anemia chronic disease | show 🗑
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| α-Thalassemia trait | show 🗑
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| HbH disease | show 🗑
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| show | four α-globin gene deletions; four γ-globin chains
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| show | AR; DNA splicing defect; ↑ HbA2 and F; ↓ HbA
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| show | nonsense mutation with stop codon; hemolytic anemia; ↑↑ HbF, ↑ HbA2
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| show | defect in mitochondrial heme synthesis producing ringed sideroblasts
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| show | alcohol, pyridoxine deficiency (isoniazid Rx of TB), Pb poisoning
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| show | inhibition ferrochelatase, d-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase, ribonuclease
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| show | growth retardation; Pb in epiphyses (lead lines); abdominal colic; encephalopathy
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| S/S Pb poisoning adult | show 🗑
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| show | coarse basophilic stippling RBCs; ↓ MCV; ↑ blood Pb; ↑ d-aminolevulinic acid
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| show | animal products; requires intrinsic factor for reabsorption in terminal ileum
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| Vitamin B12 | show 🗑
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| R factor | show 🗑
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| Vitamin B12 | show 🗑
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| show | vegan, pernicious anemia MC, fish tapeworm, pancreatitis, bacterial overgrowth, Crohn’s disease
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| Pernicious anemia | show 🗑
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| Causes folate deficiency | show 🗑
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| Drugs and folate deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | inhibited by phenytoin
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| show | inhibited by alcohol and OC
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| Dihydrofolate reductase | show 🗑
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| show | inhibited by 5-fluorouracil
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| show | MCC of increased serum homocysteine
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| Lab in B12/folate deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | ↑ gastrin (pernicious anemia), ↑ methylmalonic acid
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| show | PA
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| show | bacterial overgrowth
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| show | chronic pancreatitis
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| show | initially normal Hb and Hct; 0.9% saline uncovers RBC deficit
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| Aplastic anemia | show 🗑
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| show | pancytopenia; hypocellular bone marrow
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| show | normocytic; decreased EPO
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| Extravascular hemolysis | show 🗑
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| Intravascular hemolysis | show 🗑
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| show | AD; defect in spectrin; extravascular hemolysis; splenomegaly
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| Blood findings in spherocytosis | show 🗑
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| PNH | show 🗑
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| S/S PNH | show 🗑
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| HbSS | show 🗑
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| Causes of sickling | show 🗑
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| HbF | show 🗑
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| Pathophysiology HbSS | show 🗑
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| HbSS children | show 🗑
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| HbSS osteomyelitis | show 🗑
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| HbSS complications | show 🗑
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| HbAS | show 🗑
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| Hb electrophoresis | show 🗑
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| show | sickle cells; target cells; Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants)
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| show | XR; oxidant damage (peroxide) to Hb (e.g., primaquine; dapsone; fava beans)
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| Blood findings G6PD deficiency | show 🗑
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| Pyruvate kinase deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | IgG; extravascular hemolysis; e.g., SLE, drugs
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| Cold type AIHA | show 🗑
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| Penicillin | show 🗑
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| Methyldopa | show 🗑
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| Quinidine | show 🗑
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| show | positive direct Coombs’; spherocytes
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| show | mechanical damage causing intravascular hemolysis
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| Causes of micro/macro hemolysis | show 🗑
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| show | schistocytes; iron deficiency from hemoglobinuria
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| show | intravascular hemolysis correlates with fever; falciparum-ring forms and gametocytes
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| show | exaggerated WBC response to infection; usually due to infection
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| show | marrow infiltrative disease peripheralizes myeloblasts/nucleated RBCs
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| Causes of leukoerythroblastic reaction | show 🗑
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| show | type I hypersensitivity (e.g., penicillin reaction); invasive helminthic infection
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| show | pinworms, adult worms in ascariasis
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| Atypical lymphocytes | show 🗑
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| show | due to EBV; EBV attaches to CD21 receptors on B cells
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| Clinical findings mono | show 🗑
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| Lab findings mono | show 🗑
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| show | T cell deficiencies (HIV); combined B/T deficiency (adenine deaminase deficiency)
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| show | viral infections, whooping cough
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| show | lymphopenia, eosinopenia, neutrophilia
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| Chronic MPD | show 🗑
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| Examples of MPD | show 🗑
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| Relative polycythemia | show 🗑
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| show | ↓ RBC count and RBC mass
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| Appropriate polycythemia | show 🗑
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| Causes of appropriate absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
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| show | normal plasma volume; ↑ RBC mass; ↓ SaO2; ↑ EPO
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| Inappropriate absolute polycythemia | show 🗑
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| Causes of inappropriate polycythemia | show 🗑
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| show | ↑ plasma volume and RBC mass; normal SaO2; ↓ EPO
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| show | normal plasma volume; ↑ RBC mass; normal SaO2; ↑ EPO
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| Myelofibrosis myeloid metaplasia | show 🗑
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| show | tear drop RBCs; dry bone marrow aspirate (marrow fibrosis)
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| Essential thrombocythemia | show 🗑
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| show | severe anemia in elderly; 30% develop leukemia; ringed sideroblasts
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| show | aplastic anemia; acute leukemia
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| Leukemia by age | show 🗑
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| show | acute, blasts >30% in bone marrow; chronic, blasts <10% in bone marrow
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| show | Auer rods in myeloblasts
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| show | t(15;17); defect in retinoic acid; Rx retinoic acid (↑ maturation); DIC
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| show | gum infiltration
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| show | t(9;22) of ABL POC; Philadelphia chromosome 22; ↓ alkaline phosphatase score
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| show | early pre-B (80%); CALLA (CD10) and TdT positive; CNS and testicle involvement
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| ALL | show 🗑
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| CLL | show 🗑
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| show | HTLV-1; CD4 T cells; skin infiltration; lytic bone lesions with hypercalcemia
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| Hairy cell leukemia | show 🗑
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| Nodal sites | show 🗑
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| show | metastasizes to para-aortic nodes
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| show | metastasizes to left supraclavicular nodes (Virchow node)
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| Phenytoin | show 🗑
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| Cat scratch disease | show 🗑
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| Follicular B-cell lymphoma | show 🗑
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| Burkitt lymphoma | show 🗑
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| show | risk factors H. pylori (stomach); Sjogren’s syndrome
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| show | CD4 T cell neoplasm; skin lesions with Pautrier’s microabscesses
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| show | leukemic phase of mycosis fungoides
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| show | sign of chronic inflammation
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| show | M component (spike); sign of plasma cell disorder
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| show | serum and urine immunoelectrophoresis; bone marrow aspirate
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| Bence Jones protein | show 🗑
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| show | M spike; lytic bone lesions; pathologic fractures; hypercalcemia; renal failure
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| show | MC monoclonal gammopathy; may progress to myeloma
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| Findings in MGUS | show 🗑
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| Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia | show 🗑
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| show | neoplastic component, Reed Stemberg (RS) cell; CD15 CD30 positive
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| Lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s | show 🗑
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| Nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s | show 🗑
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| Mixed cellularity Hodgkin’s | show 🗑
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| Hodgkin’s prognosis | show 🗑
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| show | ↑ risk for second malignancies (leukemia; NHL)
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| Langerhan’s histiocytes | show 🗑
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| show | malignant histiocytosis <2 yrs old; diffuse eczematous rash; organ involvement
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| Hand-Christian-Christian disease | show 🗑
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| show | benign histiocytosis; lytic bone lesions with pathologic fractures
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| Mast cells | show 🗑
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| Urticaria pigmentosum | show 🗑
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| show | twisted β-sheet; apple green birefringence with Congo red
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| show | AL amyloid derived from light chains; plasma cell disorders
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| Secondary amyloidosis | show 🗑
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| show | amyloid precursor protein gene product chromosome 21; amyloid-β
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| show | macrophages have fibrillary appearance; deficiency glucocerebrosidase
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| Niemann Pick’s disease | show 🗑
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| Hypersplenism | show 🗑
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| show | Howell Jolly bodies; susceptible to Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis
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| Anticoagulants | show 🗑
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| Heparin | show 🗑
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| show | neutralize V and VIII
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| Procoagulants | show 🗑
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| show | inactivate factors V and VIII; enhance fibrinolysis
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| show | complexes with factor VIII to enhance VIII:C activity; platelet adhesion
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| Platelets | show 🗑
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| show | platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor
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| show | platelet receptor for fibrinogen
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| Extrinsic system factor | show 🗑
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| show | XII, XI, IX, VIII
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| Final common pathway factors | show 🗑
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| Factor XIII | show 🗑
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| show | prothrombin, VII, IX, X, protein C and S
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| show | fibrinogen, prothrombin, V, VIII; fluid is called serum
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| show | cleaves fibrinogen and insoluble fibrin into degradation products
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| show | evaluates platelet function (adhesion, release reaction, aggregation)
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| Aspirin | show 🗑
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| show | ristocetin cofactor assay; vWF antigen assay; agar electrophoresis
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| show | evaluates extrinsic pathway to fibrin clot
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| show | evaluates intrinsic pathway to stable fibrin clot
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| Fibrinolysis tests | show 🗑
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| S/S platelet dysfunction | show 🗑
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| Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) | show 🗑
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| Chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura | show 🗑
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| show | thrombocytopenia due to IgG antibody against heparin attached to PF4 on platelets
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| PF4 | show 🗑
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| show | thrombocytopenia MC hematologic abnormality; similar to ITP
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| TTP | show 🗑
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| show | fever, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, hemolytic anemia with schistocytes, CNS deficits
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| Lab findings TTP | show 🗑
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| HUS | show 🗑
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| S/S factor deficiency | show 🗑
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| Hemophilia A | show 🗑
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| show | AD; platelet adhesion defect + factor VIII deficiency
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| Lab findings in VWD | show 🗑
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| show | Rx of choice for mild von Willebrand’s disease and hemophilia A
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| show | antibodies destroy coagulation factors
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| show | prolonged PT and/or PTT corrected with mixing studies
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| show | ↓ epoxide reductase activity (↓ function vitamin K); hemorrhagic diathesis; ↑ PT
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| Causes vitamin K deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | activation coagulation system from release of tissue thromboplastin and/or endothelial cell damage
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| show | consumption coagulation factors by fibrin clots; patient also anticoagulated
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| Causes | show 🗑
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| S/S | show 🗑
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| show | thrombocytopenia, ↑ PT and PTT, D-dimers (best test), anemia
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| Antiphospholipid antibodies | show 🗑
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| Warfarin | show 🗑
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| show | full anticoagulation in 3 days when -carboxylated prothrombin disappears
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| Warfarin | show 🗑
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| show | intramuscular vitamin K (6-8 hrs), fresh frozen plasma (immediate)
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| show | enhances ATIII; PTT best test but PT also prolonged
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| show | estrogen ↑ coagulation factor synthesis and ATIII; predisposes to thrombosis
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| show | MC hereditary thrombosis; resistant to degradation by protein C/S
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| ATIII deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | post-warfarin therapy in patient with heterozygote protein C deficiency
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| M cells | show 🗑
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| show | some patients have anti-AB-IgG antibodies; increased incidence duodenal ulcers
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| show | increased incidence of gastric carcinoma
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| show | do not have natural blood group antibodies at birth (e.g., anti-A-lgM)
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| Elderly | show 🗑
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| show | inherited in autosomal codominant fashion; Rh antigens include D, C, c, E, e
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| Atypical antibodies | show 🗑
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| Duffy antigen | show 🗑
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| show | indirect Coomb’s test; detects atypical antibodies in serum
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| show | MC infection transmitted by blood transfusion; MC antibody
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| Hepatitis C | show 🗑
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| Major crossmatch | show 🗑
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| show | blood group O; no antigens on the surface of RBCs
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| Universal recipient | show 🗑
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| Packed RBC transfusion | show 🗑
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| Cryoprecipitate | show 🗑
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| Fresh frozen plasma | show 🗑
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| show | type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
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| show | recipient anti-HLA antibodies react against donor leukocytes
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| show | transfusion of ABO incompatible blood (e.g., A person receives B blood)
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| show | antibody attaches to donor RBCs; macrophage phagocytosis and hemolysis
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| Positive direct Coomb’s test | show 🗑
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| show | jaundice, no increase in Hb, hemoglobinuria
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| show | mother O and baby A or B; transplacental passage of maternal anti-AB-IgG
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| show | positive direct Coomb’s test; spherocytes; MCC unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia first 24 hrs
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| show | mother Rh (D antigen) negative and fetus Rh (O antigen) positive
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| Rh HDN | show 🗑
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| Rh HDN | show 🗑
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| Rh immune globulin | show 🗑
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| show | positive direct Coomb’s; severe anemia and hyperbilirubinemia
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| ABO HDN | show 🗑
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| O Rh negative mother with A Rh positive baby | show 🗑
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| Blue fluorescent light | show 🗑
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| MV auscultation | show 🗑
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| show | left parasternal border
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| AV auscultation | show 🗑
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| PV auscultation | show 🗑
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| S1 | show 🗑
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| S2 | show 🗑
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| Inspiration | show 🗑
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| show | abnormal; due to blood entering volume overloaded ventricle in early diastole
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| show | valve regurgitation; congestive heart failure
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| show | abnormal; due to blood entering non-compliant ventricle with atrial contraction in late diastole
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| Causes S4 | show 🗑
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| Murmurs | show 🗑
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| show | increases right sided abnormal heart sounds and murmurs
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| Expiration | show 🗑
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| Stenosis murmurs | show 🗑
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| Regurgitation murmurs | show 🗑
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| show | AV and PV
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| Valves opening in diastole | show 🗑
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| Valves closing in systole | show 🗑
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| show | AV and PV
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| LDL | show 🗑
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| VLDL | show 🗑
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| show | AD; deficiency of LDL receptors; ↑ LDL
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| Type III hyperlipoproteinemia | show 🗑
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| Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia | show 🗑
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| Apo B deficiency | show 🗑
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| show | malabsorption; hemolytic anemia
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| Atherosclerosis | show 🗑
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| show | smoking, ↑ LDL, ↑ homocysteine, Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
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| Cells involved | show 🗑
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| show | pathognomonic lesion of atherosclerosis
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| show | marker of an inflammatory atheromatous plaque
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| Inflammatory atheromatous plaque | show 🗑
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| Increased plasma homocysteine | show 🗑
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| show | small vessel disease of DM and hypertension; excess protein in vessel wall
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| show | non-enzymatic glycosylation
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| show | glucose attaches to amino acids in BM; causes ↑ permeability to protein
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| Mechanisms hyaline arteriolosclerosis in hypertension | show 🗑
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| Abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture | show 🗑
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| show | vasculitis of vasa vasorum of aortic arch; aortic regurgitation
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| show | due to hypertension and collagen tissue disorders (e.g., Marfan)
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| show | elastic tissue degeneration creates spaces filled with mucopolysaccharides
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| Intimal tear in aorta | show 🗑
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| show | proximal (MC); distal or combination of both
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| S/S proximal aortic dissection | show 🗑
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| Marfan’s | show 🗑
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| show | aortic dissection
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| show | stasis of blood flow; deep veins below knee MC site
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| Pulmonary thromboembolism | show 🗑
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| Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis | show 🗑
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| Thoracic outlet syndrome | show 🗑
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| Turner’s syndrome | show 🗑
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| Spider telangiectasia | show 🗑
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| Capillary hemangioma in newborn | show 🗑
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| show | HHV-8; vascular malignancy; MC cancer in AIDS
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| show | Bartonella henselae; vascular infection in AIDS
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| Small vessel vasculitis | show 🗑
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| Muscular artery vasculitis | show 🗑
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| show | absent pulse, stroke
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| show | pulseless disease; young Asian woman
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| show | temporal artery granulomatous vasculitis; ipsilateral blindness (ophthalmic artery)
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| show | muscular artery vasculitis with vessel thrombosis infarction
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| Path findings | show 🗑
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| show | infarctions in kidneys, skin, GI tract, heart; HBsAg in 30%
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| show | angiography identifies aneurysms and thrombosis
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| show | coronary artery vasculitis/thrombosis/aneurysms in children
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| show | chest pain; desquamating rash; swelling hands/feet; cervical lymphadenopathy
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| show | IV γ-globulin
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| show | smoker’s digital vasculitis; digital infarction
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| show | digital vasculitis in PSS and CREST syndrome
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| show | digital pain; white-blue-red color changes
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| show | protein gels in cold temperature; Raynaud’s syndrome; HCV association
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| S/S | show 🗑
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| show | association with c-ANCA; sinusitis, lung infarction, crescentic GN
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| Microscopic polyangiitis | show 🗑
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| Henoch-Schönlein purpura | show 🗑
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| Serum sickness vasculitis | show 🗑
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| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | show 🗑
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| Rickettsia infection; vasculitis causes petechia on palms → trunk | show 🗑
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| show | sepsis causes petechia/ecchymoses; potential for Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome
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| Essential HTN blacks | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | atherosclerosis renal artery in men; fibromuscular hyperplasia renal artery women
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Endocrine HTN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| Afterload | show 🗑
|
||||
| Preload | show 🗑
|
||||
| Concentric LVH | show 🗑
|
||||
| LVH with dilation/hypertrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| LHF | show 🗑
|
||||
| Systolic dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LHF due to decreased ventricular compliance (hypertrophy)
🗑
|
||||
| show | backward failure; ↑ venous hydrostatic pressure; neck vein distention, hepatomegaly, edema
🗑
|
||||
| ACE inhibitors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diuretics in CHF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | restrict salt and water
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC COD in United States; left anterior descending coronary artery thrombosis MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | coronary artery atherosclerosis; subendocardial ischemia; ST depression
🗑
|
||||
| Prinzmetal’s angina | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sudden cardiac death | show 🗑
|
||||
| Path findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| LAD coronary artery | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior portion left ventricle and papillary muscle, inferior 1/3rd IVS, right ventricle
🗑
|
||||
| show | rupture of inflammatory plaque produces platelet thrombus
🗑
|
||||
| Ventricular fibrillation | show 🗑
|
||||
| AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | retrosternal pain radiating down arms, diaphoresis
🗑
|
||||
| AMI ruptures | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC type; LAD thrombosis; cardiac tamponade
🗑
|
||||
| Posteromedial papillary muscle rupture | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LAD thrombosis; left to right shunt; RHF
🗑
|
||||
| show | anterior AMI; danger embolization
🗑
|
||||
| Pericarditis | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | late manifestation of AMI; precordial systolic bulge; CHF MC COD
🗑
|
||||
| show | RCA thrombosis; hypotension, RHF, preserved left ventricular function
🗑
|
||||
| show | CK-MB and troponins; CK-MB absent by 3 days; troponins last 7-10 days
🗑
|
||||
| show | no longer used; LDH 1/2 flip indicates AMI
🗑
|
||||
| Reinfarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inverted T waves; ST elevation; Q waves
🗑
|
||||
| show | EF = stroke volume/left ventricular end-diastolic volume; 80/120 = 0.66
🗑
|
||||
| show | use internal mammary artery and saphenous veins (“arterialize” after 10 yrs)
🗑
|
||||
| show | localized dissection with thrombosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | highest O2 saturation
🗑
|
||||
| show | shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta; PGE keeps it open
🗑
|
||||
| Ductus arteriosus in newborn | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cyanosis due to reversal of left to right shunt
🗑
|
||||
| VSD | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | patent foramen ovale; ↑ SaO2 right atrium (RA), RV, PA; MC adult congenital heart disease
🗑
|
||||
| Down syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| PDA | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | degree of pulmonic stenosis determines if cyanosis is present
🗑
|
||||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cyanosis; aorta empties RV; PA empties left ventricle
🗑
|
||||
| show | 2° polycythemia; infective endocarditis; metastatic abscesses
🗑
|
||||
| Pre-ductal coarctation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | constriction distal to ligamentum arteriosum
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type II hypersensitivity; group A streptococcus pharyngeal infection
🗑
|
||||
| Acute rheumatic fever | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | polyarthritis (MC), carditis, erythema marginatum, rheumatoid nodules, chorea
🗑
|
||||
| Mitral stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | left atrial dilation hypertrophy - atrial fibrillation, thrombus, pulmonary edema, RHF
🗑
|
||||
| MVP | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mid-systolic click followed by a murmur; palpitations, chest pain, rupture of chordae
🗑
|
||||
| MVP click/murmur close to S1 | show 🗑
|
||||
| MVP click/murmur close to S2 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pansystolic murmur; S3 and S4 common
🗑
|
||||
| show | LHF, infective endocarditis, acute rheumatic fever
🗑
|
||||
| Aortic stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aortic stenosis murmur increased preload | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aortic stenosis murmur decreased preload | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aortic regurgitation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Austin Flint murmur | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sign for AV replacement
🗑
|
||||
| show | essential HTN, infective endocarditis, acute rheumatic fever, dissection
🗑
|
||||
| show | pansystolic murmur ↑ intensity with inspiration
🗑
|
||||
| show | endocarditis IV drug abuse; RHF; carcinoid heart disease
🗑
|
||||
| Carcinoid heart disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Infective endocarditis (IE) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Staphylococcus epidermidis (coagulase negative)
🗑
|
||||
| IE ulcerative bowel disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | IC vasculitis-Roth spot, splinter hemorrhages; regurgitant murmurs; metas1atic abscesses
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| Coxsackievirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | leishmania in Chagas disease
🗑
|
||||
| Pericardial effusion | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | echocardiogram, pericardiocentesis, respectively
🗑
|
||||
| show | drop in blood pressure >10 mmHg with inspiration
🗑
|
||||
| show | TB MCC worldwide; pericardial knock
🗑
|
||||
| Congestive cardiomyopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of sudden death in young person (due to conduction defects)
🗑
|
||||
| Site of obstruction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | worsens obstruction and increases murmur intensity
🗑
|
||||
| Effect increased preload on systolic murmur | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | decreased compliance
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cardiac myxoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | childhood tumor; association with tuberous sclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| U wave | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperkalemia; MCC renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| ST depression | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | transmural ischemia (e.g., AMI), pericarditis, ventricular aneurysm
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC chronic arrhythmia; absent P waves; danger for embolization
🗑
|
||||
| show | wide QRS complexes; MC arrhythmia in coronary care unit
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of death in an AMI
🗑
|
||||
| Anterior AMI | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Q waves in II, III, and aVF; right coronary artery thrombosis.
🗑
|
||||
| show | short PR interval with normal P wave; delta wave on upstroke of R wave
🗑
|
||||
| show | % O2 breathing (713) - PCO2/0.8
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary lung disease; left to right shunts in heart
🗑
|
||||
| show | total amount of air expelled after a maximal inspiration
🗑
|
||||
| show | amount of air expelled in I second after maximal inspiration
🗑
|
||||
| Choanal atresia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | allergic (MC; adults only), aspirin, cystic fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | requires sweat test to exclude cystic fibrosis
🗑
|
||||
| Triad asthma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | danger cor pulmonale; requires sleep test; Rx. O2 with continuous positive airway pressure
🗑
|
||||
| Sinusitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | association with EBV; metastasize to cervical nodes
🗑
|
||||
| Laryngeal carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of fever 24-36 hours after surgery
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| RDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesize surfactant (lecithin, phosphatidylcholine); stored in lamellar bodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | reduces surface tension in airways; ↑ synthesis cortisol, thyroxine; ↓ synthesis insulin
🗑
|
||||
| Causes RDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | maternal hyperglycemia → fetal hyperglycemia → fetal insulin which ↓ surfactant
🗑
|
||||
| Complications RDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Streptococcus pneumoniae MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Atypical community acquired pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Pseudomonas, aeruginosa MCC (respirators); others - S. aureus, E. coli
🗑
|
||||
| Rhinovirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Respiratory syncytial virus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC croup in child; trachea area of obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| Cytomegalovirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Influenza | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Warthin-Finkeldey multinucleated giant cells
🗑
|
||||
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumonia in newborns; staccato cough; wheezing
🗑
|
||||
| Coxiella burnetii | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | toxin produces ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2
🗑
|
||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inspiratory stridor child | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of pneumonia and death in cystic fibrosis; green sputum
🗑
|
||||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | show 🗑
|
||||
| Legionella pneumophila | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Candida albicans | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cryptococcus immitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | septate hyphae with fruiting body; fungus ball, extrinsic asthma, vessel invader
🗑
|
||||
| show | non-septate; vessel invader; frontal lobe abscess in diabetic ketoacidosis
🗑
|
||||
| Coccidioides immitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | erythema nodosum (painful nodules lower legs)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Ohio/central Mississippi river valley; excreta bats (spelunker), chickens
🗑
|
||||
| show | simulates TB; yeasts phagocytosed by macrophages
🗑
|
||||
| Blastomyces dermatitidis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pneumocystis carinii | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | upper portion lower lobe, lower portion upper lobe
🗑
|
||||
| show | Ghon focus (subpleural caseation); Ghon complex (spread to hilar nodes)
🗑
|
||||
| show | cavitating lesion in upper lobe; kidney MC extrapulmonary site
🗑
|
||||
| Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; 3 nucleotide deletion chromosome 7; defective CFTR (degraded in Golgi apparatus)
🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumonia, malabsorption, males sterile; + sweat test; P. aeruginosa pneumonia MC COD
🗑
|
||||
| Lung abscess | show 🗑
|
||||
| Aspiration sitting | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | superior segment right lower lobe
🗑
|
||||
| show | right middle lobe, posterior segment right upper lobe
🗑
|
||||
| Pulmonary thromboembolism | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bronchial artery | show 🗑
|
||||
| Saddle embolus | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S pulmonary infarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ventilation/perfusion scan; respiratory alkalosis; hypoxemia
🗑
|
||||
| Pain on inspiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis
🗑
|
||||
| Hypoxemia + respiratory acidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes PH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PH + RVH
🗑
|
||||
| show | dyspnea; accentuated P2 (PH); parasternal heave (RVH)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ compliance, ↑ elasticity; interstitial fibrosis/edema
🗑
|
||||
| Restrictive lung disease (RLD) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to alveolar injury
🗑
|
||||
| ARDS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | septic shock (MC), aspiration gastric contents, severe trauma
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhalation mineral dust causing interstitial fibrosis; particles <0.5 μm to reach alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumoconiosis + rheumatoid nodules in lungs
🗑
|
||||
| show | “black lung” disease; progressive massive fibrosis; no increased incidence cancer or TB
🗑
|
||||
| show | quartz; nodular opacities; foundry workers; ↑ incidence cancer and TB
🗑
|
||||
| Sources asbestos | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ferruginous bodies | show 🗑
|
||||
| Asbestosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mesothelioma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sarcoidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | dyspnea, hilar adenopathy (non-caseating granulomas), uveitis, nodular skin lesions
🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| Kveim test | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; lung reaction against thermophilic bacteria in moldy hay
🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; reaction against nitrogen dioxide in fermenting corn
🗑
|
||||
| Byssinosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | RLD; anti-BM antibodies; begins in lungs and ends in renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| show | SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| Drugs RLD | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ compliance, ↓ elasticity
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ RV, TLC; ↓ TV, VC; ↓ FEV1sec and FVC; ↓ FEV1sec/FVC ratio
🗑
|
||||
| Obstructive lung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | extrinsic (type I hypersensitivity) and intrinsic types
🗑
|
||||
| show | expiratory wheezing (inflamed terminal bronchioles); LTC4,-D4,-E4 bronchoconstrictors
🗑
|
||||
| Charcot-Leyden crystals | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| Emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| Radiograph emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | destruction/distention respiratory bronchioles upper lobe in smokers; THINK
🗑
|
||||
| show | destruction/distention entire respiratory unit lower lobes; AAT deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| Paraseptal emphysema | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal to decreased PCO2 (respiratory alkalosis)
🗑
|
||||
| show | productive cough 3 months/2 consecutive years; blue bloater (cyanosis)
🗑
|
||||
| show | terminal bronchioles (proximal to respiratory unit)
🗑
|
||||
| show | respiratory acidosis/hypoxemia
🗑
|
||||
| Bronchiectasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CF MCC, TB, immotile cilia syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | absent dynein arm in cilia; sinusitis, infertility, bronchiectasis, situs inversus
🗑
|
||||
| show | squamous cancer and small cell cancer; men > women
🗑
|
||||
| Peripheral lung cancers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cavitate; secrete PTH-related protein
🗑
|
||||
| show | neuroendocrine tumor; secrete ACTH and ADH
🗑
|
||||
| Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Scar carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | low grade malignant; hemoptysis; rare cause carcinoid syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | more common than primary cancer; breast cancer MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | squamous carcinoma posterior mediastinum; destruction superior cervical ganglion
🗑
|
||||
| show | Horner’s syndrome - lid lag, miosis, anhydrosis; lower brachial plexus injury
🗑
|
||||
| Solitary coin lesion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary lung cancer obstructs vessel; venous congestion
🗑
|
||||
| show | thymoma; nodular sclerosing Hodgkin’s; teratomas
🗑
|
||||
| show | usually neurogenic tumors of ganglia
🗑
|
||||
| Myasthenia gravis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thymoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | transudates or exudates; CHF MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Spontaneous pneumothorax | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tracheal shift ipsilateral side, absent breath sounds
🗑
|
||||
| show | flap-like pleural tear; increased pleural cavity pressure; compression atelectasis
🗑
|
||||
| show | as above except tracheal shift to opposite side
🗑
|
||||
| show | failure of fusion of facial processes
🗑
|
||||
| Herpes labialis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hairy leukoplakia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bilateral parotitis; unilateral orchitis; ↑ amylase
🗑
|
||||
| show | pseudomembrane pharynx and trachea with cervical lymphadenopathy
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital syphilis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Actinomycosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | draining sinuses with sulfur granules
🗑
|
||||
| Exudative tonsillitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Oral thrush | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dental caries | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mucosal pigmentation; hamartomatous polyps
🗑
|
||||
| show | biopsy to rule out squamous dysplasia or cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking and alcohol association; lower lip MC site
🗑
|
||||
| show | verrucoid squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | phenytoin, pregnancy, scurvy
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC benign tumor of salivary glands; parotid MC site
🗑
|
||||
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lesion obstructing esophagus; e.g., cancer, web
🗑
|
||||
| Plummer-Vinson syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dysphagia for solids and liquids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | polyhydramnios; proximal esophagus ends blindly; distal esophagus derives from trachea
🗑
|
||||
| show | vertebral abnormalities, anal atresia, TE fistula, renal disease/radius abnormality
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC pulsion diverticulum of esophagus; halitosis (stinky breath, food gets stuck); near UES
🗑
|
||||
| GERD | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC nocturnal cough and asthma
🗑
|
||||
| show | Candida MC, CMV, HSV
🗑
|
||||
| show | glandular metaplasia distal esophagus in GERD
🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor for adenocarcinoma, stricture
🗑
|
||||
| show | dilated left gastric vein; sign of portal hypertension due to cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | tear of distal esophagus from retching in alcoholic or bulimic
🗑
|
||||
| Boerhaave’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumomediastinum (air in subcutaneous tissue)
🗑
|
||||
| show | contain VIP - relaxes LES
🗑
|
||||
| show | failure of LES relaxation (no VIP); absent ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus
🗑
|
||||
| show | aperistalsis/dilation of esophagus; regurgitation of undigested food at night
🗑
|
||||
| X-ray achalasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Chagas’ disease; leishmania destroy ganglion cells
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC primary cancer; due to Barrett’s esophagus
🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking MCC; alcohol also causes
🗑
|
||||
| show | sign of upper GI bleed; acid changes Hb to hematin; peptic ulcer disease MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | vomiting blood; peptic ulcers MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Congenital pyloric stenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute hemorrhagic (erosive) gastritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mucous barrier stomach | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | due to PA; achlorhydria with ↑ serum gastrin
🗑
|
||||
| Type B chronic gastritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| H. pylori | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gastric ulcer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | never malignant; ↑ acid production; food relieves pain
🗑
|
||||
| Perforated peptic ulcer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Menetrier’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Zollinger-Ellison syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | PUD in usual locations; sometimes multiple ulcers
🗑
|
||||
| show | ZE, achlorhydria, gastric distention, H2 or proton blockers; renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC benign tumor of stomach
🗑
|
||||
| Intestinal type adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | linitis plastica; signet ring cells; Krukenberg tumors ovaries
🗑
|
||||
| show | stomach MC site for extranodal lymphomas; H. pylori associated
🗑
|
||||
| show | steatorrhea; chronic pancreatitis, bile salt deficiency, small bowel disease
🗑
|
||||
| Causes bile salt deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| D-xylose screen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic pancreatitis cause of malabsorption
🗑
|
||||
| show | autoimmune disease; antibodies against gliadin in gluten; flat villi
🗑
|
||||
| show | association with dermatitis herpetiformis
🗑
|
||||
| Whipple’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Invasive diarrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | loss isotonic fluid; enterotoxins from E. coli and V. cholerae
🗑
|
||||
| Osmotic diarrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in children
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in adults
🗑
|
||||
| Cytomegalovirus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | preformed toxin causes food poisoning; culture food
🗑
|
||||
| show | preformed toxin in fried rice and tacos; gram positive rods in stool
🗑
|
||||
| Clostridium botulinum (adult) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | colonization of bowel with release of neurotoxin; eating honey
🗑
|
||||
| show | pseudomembranous colitis; post-antibiotics; toxin assay stool; Rx metronidazole
🗑
|
||||
| show | produces dysentery (bloody diarrhea); associated with HUS
🗑
|
||||
| Salmonella enteritidis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sepsis; osteomyelitis in HbSS
🗑
|
||||
| show | typhoid fever; human transmission; bradycardia, neutropenia, splenomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| Carrier state site | show 🗑
|
||||
| M. tuberculosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secretory diarrhea; toxin stimulates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP
🗑
|
||||
| show | solution must contain glucose to reabsorb Na+ (co-transport)
🗑
|
||||
| Yersinia enterocolitica | show 🗑
|
||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC diarrhea in AIDS; acid-fast oocysts
🗑
|
||||
| Giardia lamblia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rectal prolapse in children
🗑
|
||||
| show | anal pruritus; urethritis in girls; no eosinophilia
🗑
|
||||
| Ascaris lumbricoides | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hookworm; iron deficiency anemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | rhabditiform larvae in stool not eggs
🗑
|
||||
| Diphyllobothrium latum | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | colicky pain; constipation and obstipation
🗑
|
||||
| show | air-fluid levels on x-ray
🗑
|
||||
| show | adhesions from previous surgery
🗑
|
||||
| show | vomiting bile-stained fluid at birth; double bubble sign; Down syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Hirschsprung disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hirschsprung association | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | terminal ileum telescopes into cecum; obstruction plus bloody diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| Meconium ileus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | second MCC of small bowel obstruction; common in weight lifting
🗑
|
||||
| show | obstruction of small bowel with gallstone + air in biliary tree
🗑
|
||||
| Volvulus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Direct inguinal hernia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | common in black children; may entrap bowel in adults
🗑
|
||||
| Sigmoid colon | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | diffuse abdominal pain with bloody diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| show | embolism (atrial fibrillation), thrombosis SMA or SMV
🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic colitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pain in splenic flexure 30 minutes after eating
🗑
|
||||
| Angiodysplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hematochezia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | persistence omphalomesenteric duct
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mimics acute appendicitis; cannot differentiate without radionuclide scan
🗑
|
||||
| show | diverticulitis MC complication; MCC hematochezia and fistula formation
🗑
|
||||
| Diverticulitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mucosal/submucosal ulceration; starts in rectum; crypt abscess; ↑ risk adenocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| UC associations | show 🗑
|
||||
| Crohn’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | appendix MC site; terminal ileum MC site for carcinoid syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | liver metastasis; flushing/diarrhea due to serotonin; increased urine 5-HIAA
🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor lesion colon cancer; size and number determine risk of malignancy
🗑
|
||||
| Villous adenoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD with 100% penetrance for developing colon cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Gardner’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD, polyposis plus brain tumors
🗑
|
||||
| show | second MC cancer and cancer killer in adults
🗑
|
||||
| Left-sided colorectal cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Right-sided colorectal cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute appendicitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thrombose
🗑
|
||||
| show | bleed; prolapse out of rectum
🗑
|
||||
| Urobilinogen (UBG) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | enterohepatic circulation to liver and kidney (color of urine)
🗑
|
||||
| show | serum AST>ALT; ↑ serum GGT
🗑
|
||||
| Viral hepatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | serum AP and GGT
🗑
|
||||
| Unconjugated bilirubin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Conjugated bilirubin (CB) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Gilberts, spherocytosis, physiologic jaundice newborn, ABO/Rh HDN
🗑
|
||||
| Gilbert’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia; begins on day three
🗑
|
||||
| % CB 20-50% | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bile duct obstruction (intra or extrahepatic); carcinoma head of pancreas
🗑
|
||||
| show | normal urine
🗑
|
||||
| show | obstructive jaundice
🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | extravascular hemolytic anemia
🗑
|
||||
| Markers of severity of liver disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | protective antibodies; day care centers, jails, homosexuals, traveling; not chronic
🗑
|
||||
| show | protective antibodies; accidental needle stick, IVDA; hepatocellular carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatitis C | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no protective antibodies; requires HBsAg to replicate
🗑
|
||||
| show | vaccination
🗑
|
||||
| Anti-HBs + anti-HBc-IgG | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | acute HBV/chronic HBV infective carrier if >6 months
🗑
|
||||
| show | serologic gap; not infective
🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic HBV healthy carrier
🗑
|
||||
| Fulminant hepatic failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | E. coli in adults; S. pneumoniae in children; complication of ascites
🗑
|
||||
| Granulomatous hepatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Amebiasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Echinococcus granulosis; sheep dog definitive host; man intermediate host
🗑
|
||||
| Schistosomiasis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Clonorchis sinensis; ingesting encysted larvae in fish; cholangiocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | “nutmeg” liver; RHF MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Hepatic vein thrombosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ascites, portal hypertension, no hepatomegaly
🗑
|
||||
| Alcohol related disorders | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ synthesis of glycerol 3P (substrate for TG synthesis)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ gluconeogenesis (↑ NADH causes pyruvate to convert to lactate)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ lactate, ↑ ßOHB (acetyl CoA converted to AcAc and then ßOHB)
🗑
|
||||
| show | granulomatous destruction triad bile ducts; anti-mitochondrial antibody
🗑
|
||||
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Extrahepatic biliary atresia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | acetaminophen, isoniazid, halothane
🗑
|
||||
| Anabolic steroids | show 🗑
|
||||
| Estrogen/oral contraceptives | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | liver fibrosis, fatty change
🗑
|
||||
| Liver angiosarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AR; increased iron reabsorption; liver target organ
🗑
|
||||
| show | cirrhosis; “bronze diabetes” - skin pigmentation + destruction of islet cells; malabsorption
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ serum ferritin, iron, % saturation; ↓ TIBC
🗑
|
||||
| show | AR disease; defect in copper excretion in bile and synthesis of ceruloplasmin
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ ceruloplasmin (causes ↓ total copper); ↑ serum/urine free copper
🗑
|
||||
| HELLP syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| AAT deficiency in child | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | coma and microvesicular fatty change post viral infection; increased ammonia
🗑
|
||||
| Cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hepatic encephalopathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Portal hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | portal hypertension; hypoalbuminemia; secondary aldosteronism
🗑
|
||||
| show | use aldosterone blocker (acidosis increases loss ammonium in stool)
🗑
|
||||
| Hyperestrinism in men | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab findings cirrhosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen related (steroids, oral contraceptives); intraperitoneal hemorrhage
🗑
|
||||
| show | metastasis MC cancer; lung cancer MC primary site
🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic HBV and HCV MCC; ↑ AFP; hepatic/portal vein invasion
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary sclerosing cholangitis MCC, C.C sinensis
🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis of cholesterol stones | show 🗑
|
||||
| Black pigment stones | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stone impacted in cystic duct; right upper quadrant colicky pain with radiation to shoulder
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic cholecystitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | risk factors - cholelithiasis and porcelain gallbladder
🗑
|
||||
| show | causes - alcohol and gallstones; ↑ amylase and lipase (more specific)
🗑
|
||||
| show | epigastric pain with radiation into back
🗑
|
||||
| show | localized ileus of duodenum due to acute pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | abdominal mass; persistence of ↑ serum amylase >1 week
🗑
|
||||
| Chronic pancreatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pancreatic cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| First sign tubule cell dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fixed specific gravity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal urine
🗑
|
||||
| show | obstructive jaundice
🗑
|
||||
| show | hepatitis
🗑
|
||||
| Negative urine bilirubin + increased urobilinogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | urinary tract infection
🗑
|
||||
| Sterile pyuria | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prerenal azotemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ BUN and creatinine due to intrinsic renal disease (acute tubular necrosis)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ BUN and creatinine due to obstruction to urine flow
🗑
|
||||
| show | <15:1 (renal failure); >15:1 (prerenal or postrenal azotemia)
🗑
|
||||
| BUN 80 mg/dL:creatinine 8 mg/dL | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ratio 40/1 - prerenal azotemia or postrenal azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | measures GFR
🗑
|
||||
| Proteinuria | show 🗑
|
||||
| RBC casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| WBC casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nephrotic syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| show | normal unless associated with proteinuria
🗑
|
||||
| Renal tubular cell casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| Waxy or broad casts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hexagonal crystals
🗑
|
||||
| show | Turner’s syndrome; lower poles fused
🗑
|
||||
| Renal dysplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Maternal oligohydramnios | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adult polycystic kidney disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | synthesize basement membrane
🗑
|
||||
| show | negative charge due to heparan sulfate
🗑
|
||||
| show | oliguria; RBC casts; hypertension; mild to moderate proteinuria
🗑
|
||||
| show | proteinuria >3.5 g/day; ascites and pitting edema; fatty casts; fusion of podocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Immunofluorescence | show 🗑
|
||||
| IgA GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nephritic; subepithelial deposits; skin/pharyngeal infections; anti-DNAase B
🗑
|
||||
| SLE type IV GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | crescents from parietal cell proliferation; worst GN; Goodpasture’s, Wegener’s
🗑
|
||||
| show | nephritic; anti-BM antibodies (glomerular + pulmonary capillary); crescentic GN
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lipoid nephrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC adult nephrotic syndrome; subepithelial deposits; epimembranous spikes
🗑
|
||||
| Causes membranous GN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Type I MPGN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nephrotic; C3 nephritic factor; intramembranous ICs (dense deposit disease)
🗑
|
||||
| DM nodular glomerulosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| DM glomerulosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| ACE inhibitors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | XD hereditary nephritis with sensorineural hearing loss
🗑
|
||||
| Ischemic ATN | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | disruption of BM in proximal tubule and thick ascending limb
🗑
|
||||
| show | aminoglycosides, IVP dye, Pb/mercury poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| Nephrotoxic ATN | show 🗑
|
||||
| Oliguria | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acute pyelonephritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chronic pyelonephritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Drug-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ARF, fever, rash, eosinophilia, eosinophiluria, WBC casts
🗑
|
||||
| Analgesic nephropathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | BJ protein produces foreign body reaction in tubules
🗑
|
||||
| Urate nephropathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fixed specific gravity; BUN:creatinine <15:1; waxy and broad casts
🗑
|
||||
| Renal osteodystrophy CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | osteoporosis from metabolic acidosis
🗑
|
||||
| Renal osteodystrophy CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S CRF | show 🗑
|
||||
| Benign nephrosclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Malignant hypertension | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renal findings | show 🗑
|
||||
| Renal infarction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | renal stone MCC; atrophy of cortex/medulla; postrenal azotemia
🗑
|
||||
| Renal stones | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | due to urease producing organisms (Proteus); alkaline urine pH; ammonia smell
🗑
|
||||
| show | hamartoma; associated with tuberous sclerosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking MCC; invasion renal vein/vena cava; lung, bone mets; yellow colored
🗑
|
||||
| show | flank mass, hematuria; ectopic hormones (EPO, PTH related peptide), left-sided varicocele
🗑
|
||||
| Renal pelvis transitional cell carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypertension, unilateral abdominal mass in child; aniridia/hemihypertrophy in AD types
🗑
|
||||
| Urine draining from umbilicus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Retroperitoneal fibrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bladder extrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | most commonly due to prostatic hyperplasia with urethral obstruction
🗑
|
||||
| Acute cystitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | smoking MCC, aniline dyes, cyclophosphamide; papillary
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bladder adenocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Schistosoma hematobium infection
🗑
|
||||
| show | ventral opening on penis due to failure closure of urethral folds
🗑
|
||||
| Epispadias | show 🗑
|
||||
| Peyronie’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | persistent/painful erection; HbSS
🗑
|
||||
| Squamous cell carcinoma penis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cryptorchidism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mumps usually unilateral (infertility uncommon)
🗑
|
||||
| Epididymitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | scrotal pain relieved by elevation of scrotum (Prehn’s sign)
🗑
|
||||
| Varicocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | may be due to invasion of left renal vein by renal cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| Torsion of testicle | show 🗑
|
||||
| Testicular cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cryptorchid testis, Klinefelter’s, testicular feminization
🗑
|
||||
| Seminoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Spermatocytic variant | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hemorrhage/necrosis; hematogenous spread before lymphatic; ↑AFP, hCG
🗑
|
||||
| Yolk sac tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| Choriocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | more often benign in children than adult
🗑
|
||||
| Teratocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC type in elderly; metastasis not primary cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | DHT derived stimulation embryo; periurethral area - hyperplasia; peripheral area - cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Prostatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | DHT/estrogen-mediated; glandular/smooth muscle hyperplasia
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prostate cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| PSA | show 🗑
|
||||
| Kallmann’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Impotence | show 🗑
|
||||
| Erection | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sympathetic response
🗑
|
||||
| Leydig cell failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ FSH (↓inhibin); ↓ sperm count; normal LH and testosterone
🗑
|
||||
| Leydig and seminiferous tubule failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | determines genetic sex
🗑
|
||||
| show | develops seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens
🗑
|
||||
| show | develops prostate and male external genitalia
🗑
|
||||
| Male pseudohermaphrodite | show 🗑
|
||||
| Testicular feminization | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | XXY; 1 Barr body; female secondary sex characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| show | recurrent painful vesicles; multinucleated squamous cells with intranuclear inclusions
🗑
|
||||
| show | condyloma acuminata; koilocytosis (wrinkled nuclei surrounded by a halo)
🗑
|
||||
| show | metaplastic squamous cells with vacuoles containing elementary bodies
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | urethritis, cervicitis, PID; ophthalmia neonatorum, gram negative diplococcus
🗑
|
||||
| show | N gonorrhoeae
🗑
|
||||
| Ophthalmia neonatorum second week | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | C. trachomatis subtype
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chancroid | show 🗑
|
||||
| Granuloma inguinale | show 🗑
|
||||
| Treponema pallidum | show 🗑
|
||||
| Primary syphilis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rash on palms/soles; condyloma lata; generalized adenopathy
🗑
|
||||
| Tertiary syphilis | show 🗑
|
||||
| RPR/VDRL | show 🗑
|
||||
| RPR/VDRL | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | confirmatory test for syphilis; not distinguish active from treated disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | remains positive after Rx
🗑
|
||||
| Trichomonas vaginalis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gardnerella vaginalis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | white, curd-like discharge; DM, antibiotics, pregnancy; Rx fluconazole
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC vulvar cancer; HPV association
🗑
|
||||
| show | biopsy to R/O squamous dysplasia/cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Lichen sclerosis vulva | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | leukoplakia; no cancer risk
🗑
|
||||
| Paget’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vulva location; similar to Paget cells but not mucin positive
🗑
|
||||
| Gartner’s duct cyst | show 🗑
|
||||
| Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vaginal adenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | usually extension of cervical cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Rokitansky-Kiister-Hauser | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | endocervical glands covered by metaplastic squamous epithelium
🗑
|
||||
| show | trichomonas, HSV-2, C. trachomatis (follicular cervicitis)
🗑
|
||||
| Cervical Pap | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 70% superficial, 30% intermediate
🗑
|
||||
| show | 100% parabasal cells
🗑
|
||||
| Hyperestrinism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 100% intermediate cells
🗑
|
||||
| Endocervical cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cervical polyp | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cervical dysplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | early onset sexual activity; multiple partners; smoking; OC
🗑
|
||||
| show | cervical intraepithelial dysplasia; mild, moderate, severe (in-situ)
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ incidence (Pap smear); 45-yr-old; COD renal failure from obstruction of ureters
🗑
|
||||
| show | cervical discharge; bleeding after intercourse
🗑
|
||||
| Sequence to menarche | show 🗑
|
||||
| Proliferative phase cycle | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | day 14-I6; LH surge; subnuclear vacuoles; ↑body temperature
🗑
|
||||
| show | progesterone-dependent
🗑
|
||||
| Menses | show 🗑
|
||||
| FSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulates androgen synthesis in proliferative phase and progesterone synthesis in secretory phase
🗑
|
||||
| Day 21 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pregnancy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | LH analogue produced by syncytiotrophoblast
🗑
|
||||
| hCG | show 🗑
|
||||
| Estrone | show 🗑
|
||||
| Estradiol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen of pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| Menopause | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary amenorrhea, hot flushes
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ hair in normal areas
🗑
|
||||
| show | hirsutism + male secondary sex characteristics (clitoromegaly)
🗑
|
||||
| Test for hirsutism/virilization | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ LH; ↓ FSH; ↑ estrogen and androgens
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Menorrhagia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dysmenorrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bleeding related to hormone rather than anatomic causes
🗑
|
||||
| Anovulatory DUB | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ovulatory DUB | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no menses by 16 years old
🗑
|
||||
| Secondary amenorrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| Amenorrhea-hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑FSH/LH; e.g., Turner’s syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Amenorrhea-end-organ disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | surgical removal of stratum basalis
🗑
|
||||
| show | constitutional delay MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Primary amenorrhea-lack secondary sex characteristics | show 🗑
|
||||
| Turner’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Secondary amenorrhea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | removal of stratum basalis causing scarring; secondary amenorrhea
🗑
|
||||
| Endometritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | menorrhagia; not a precursor for endometrial cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Adenomyosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | functioning glands and stroma outside uterus; reverse menses; ovary MC site
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | unopposed estrogen; simple/complex types; precursor endometrial cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Endometrial cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bleeding in postmenopausal woman
🗑
|
||||
| Leiomyoma uterus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Leiomyosarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ectopic pregnancy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC ovarian mass in young woman
🗑
|
||||
| Risk factors ovarian tumors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Serous ovarian tumors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mucinous ovarian tumors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | resembles endometrial cancer; association with endometriosis
🗑
|
||||
| Cystic teratoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dysgerminoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Yolk sac tumor | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meigs syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | low grade malignant; hyperestrinism, Call Exner bodies
🗑
|
||||
| Thecoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperandrogenism
🗑
|
||||
| show | XY phenotype of Turner’s
🗑
|
||||
| Krukenberg tumors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ incidence congenital defects
🗑
|
||||
| show | lining of villi; produces hCG and human placental lactogen
🗑
|
||||
| Human placental lactogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| Abruptio placenta | show 🗑
|
||||
| Placenta previa | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | direct implantation into myometrium without intervening decidua; hysterectomy
🗑
|
||||
| show | monochorionic always identical twins; dichorionic may be identical or fraternal
🗑
|
||||
| Siamese twins | show 🗑
|
||||
| Enlarged placenta | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign neoplasm of chorionic villi; dilated villi; no embryo; 46 XX (both male)
🗑
|
||||
| show | preeclampsia in first trimester; ↑ incidence choriocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Partial mole | show 🗑
|
||||
| Choriocarcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | complete mole (MC), spontaneous abortion, normal pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chorioamnionitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | abnormal placentation causing placental ischemia; ↑ in vasoconstrictors (ATII)
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypertension, proteinuria, pitting edema; begins in third trimester
🗑
|
||||
| Spontaneous abortion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fetal urine
🗑
|
||||
| show | TE fistula, duodenal atresia, open neural tube defects
🗑
|
||||
| show | infantile polycystic disease
🗑
|
||||
| ↑ Serum AFP | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↓ Serum AFP | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | fetal adrenal, placental, maternal liver involved in its production
🗑
|
||||
| Down syndrome triad | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC breast mass <50-yrs-old; atypical hyperplasia cancer risk; lumpy, painful breasts
🗑
|
||||
| Sclerosing adenosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Fibroadenoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign tumor lactiferous duct/sinus; MCC bloody nipple discharge <50-yr-old
🗑
|
||||
| Invasive ductal cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Breast cancer risk | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | painless mass upper outer quadrant in woman >50-yrs-old
🗑
|
||||
| Mammography | show 🗑
|
||||
| Palpable breast mass | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ductal carcinoma in situ | show 🗑
|
||||
| Paget’s disease of breast | show 🗑
|
||||
| Medullary carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Inflammatory carcinoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lobular cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | low grade malignant tumor of stroma
🗑
|
||||
| show | tumors responding to hormones; candidate for tamoxifen (anti-estrogen)
🗑
|
||||
| ERB-B2 oncogene positive breast cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen stimulation of male breast
🗑
|
||||
| Gynecomastia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Overactive endocrine syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | prolactinoma (bromocriptine), pituitary Cushings (high dose dexamethasone)
🗑
|
||||
| Underactive endocrine syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypopituitarism adults | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypopituitarism in children | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S ↓ FSH and LH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | muscle growth, gluconeogenesis; release of insulin growth factor (IGF)
🗑
|
||||
| IGF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | growth retardation; ↓ height and weight
🗑
|
||||
| show | stimulation tests for GH and IGF
🗑
|
||||
| S/S ↓ GH/IGF in adults | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary hypothyroidism; ↓ T4, ↓ TSH; muscle weakness, dry skin
🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary hypocortisolism; ↓ cortisol, ↓ ACTH; fatigue; hypoglycemia
🗑
|
||||
| Metyrapone | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | blocks adrenal 11-hydroxylase → ↑ ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol (proximal to block)
🗑
|
||||
| Metyrapone test ↓ ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol | show 🗑
|
||||
| Metyrapone test ↑ ACTH and 11-deoxycortisol | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diabetes insipidus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ UOsm and ↑ POsm with water deprivation; vasopressin causes ↑ UOsm > 50%
🗑
|
||||
| show | pituitary stalk transection, hypothalamic lesion (site for ADH synthesis)
🗑
|
||||
| Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lithium, demeclocycline, nephrocalcinosis, severe hypokalemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | GH secreting pituitary adenoma before epiphyses have fused
🗑
|
||||
| show | GH secreting pituitary adenoma after epiphyses have fused
🗑
|
||||
| S/S acromegaly | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inhibited by dopamine
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC pituitary tumor; secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea; prolactin inhibits GnRH
🗑
|
||||
| show | surgery or bromocriptine (dopamine analog)
🗑
|
||||
| show | primary hypothyroidism, drugs
🗑
|
||||
| Inappropriate ADH syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | restrict water; demeclocycline in small cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| Serum T4 | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↑ Serum T4 and normal TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↑ Serum T4 and ↓ TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ TBG; due to anabolic steroids
🗑
|
||||
| ↓ Serum T4 and ↑ TSH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | secondary hypothyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| show | negative feedback with T4 and T3; best screening test
🗑
|
||||
| I131 uptake | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | non-functioning nodule; no uptake I131
🗑
|
||||
| Hot nodule | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thyroglossal duct cyst | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cyst in anterolateral neck
🗑
|
||||
| show | painful thyroid; early thyrotoxicosis; ↓ I131 uptake
🗑
|
||||
| Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hashimoto’s thyroiditis | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cretinism | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thyrotoxicosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hyperthyroidism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | autoantibody against TSH receptor (type II reaction); HLA Dr3
🗑
|
||||
| show | exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema
🗑
|
||||
| show | tachycardia/atrial fibrillation, systolic hypertension, diarrhea, brisk reflexes
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ T4, ↓ TSH, ↑ glucose, ↑ calcium
🗑
|
||||
| I131 uptake | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rx Graves disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Toxic nodular goiter | show 🗑
|
||||
| Goiter | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Solitary thyroid nodule woman | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | often malignant
🗑
|
||||
| Papillary carcinoma thyroid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | invades blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| Medullary carcinoma thyroid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 3 P's; pituitary tumor, parathyroid adenoma, pancreatic tumor (ZE or ß-islet cell tumor)
🗑
|
||||
| MEN IIa syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1 P; medullary carcinoma thyroid, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas
🗑
|
||||
| Alkalotic pH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ total calcium, normal ionized calcium and PTH
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ ionized calcium level; threshold potential comes closer to resting potential
🗑
|
||||
| show | thumb adducts into palm, twitching after tapping of facial nerve
🗑
|
||||
| show | maintains ionized Ca2+; ↑ Ca2+ renal reabsorption; ↓ phosphate/bicarbonate reabsorption in kidneys
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ Ca2+, hypophosphatemia, ↑ PTH
🗑
|
||||
| Cause | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | renal stone, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, hypertension, metastatic calcification
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ Ca2+, ↑ PTH; hypovitaminosis D from renal failure MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Malignancy-induced hypercalcemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | osteolytic lesions, sarcoidosis, ↑ vitamin D, PTH-related peptide, myeloma
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypercalcemia developing from secondary HPTH
🗑
|
||||
| Primary hypoparathyroidism | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ Ca2+ with normal to ↑ PTH; end-organ resistance to PTH
🗑
|
||||
| Other causes ↓ Ca2+ | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↓ Ca2+ and ↓ PTH | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↓ Ca2+ and ↑ PTH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | primary hyperparathyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignancy induced hypercalcemia; other causes hypercalcemia
🗑
|
||||
| show | meningococcemia with bilateral adrenal hemorrhage due to DIC
🗑
|
||||
| Addison’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adrenogenital syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ 17 KS, ↓ 17 OH, lose salt, hypotension; female pseudohermaphrodite
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ 17 KS, ↑ 17 OH, retain salt, hypertension; female pseudohermaphrodite
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ 17 KS, ↓ 17 OH, retain salt, hypertension; male pseudohermaphrodite
🗑
|
||||
| show | long-term corticosteroid therapy
🗑
|
||||
| Tests Cushings syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cortisol analogue; ↓ ACTH and ↑ cortisol
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC Cushing’s; ACTH secreting pituitary tumor
🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adrenal Cushings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no suppression with low/high dose dexamethasone
🗑
|
||||
| show | ACTH secreting small cell carcinoma of lung; high ACTH and cortisol levels
🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | purple stria, truncal obesity, hypertension, DM
🗑
|
||||
| Primary aldosteronism | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypertension and muscle weakness (hypokalemia), no pitting edema
🗑
|
||||
| Lab | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign tumor in adrenal medulla in adults
🗑
|
||||
| Associations | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | labile hypertension, anxiety, sweating, headache
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ 24 hr urine for VMA and metanephrines
🗑
|
||||
| Neuroblastoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | benign tumor; hypoglycemia, ↑ insulin and C-peptide
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoglycemia, ↑ insulin, ↓ C-peptide
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant α-islet cell tumor; hyperglycemia and rash
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant islet cell tumor secreting gastrin; peptic ulcers
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant δ islet cell tumor; DM, malabsorption, cholelithiasis, achlorhydria
🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant islet cell tumor; diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria
🗑
|
||||
| show | organ damage correlates with glycemic control
🗑
|
||||
| Type 1 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | older person; obese; relative insulin deficiency (↓ insulin receptors, postreceptor problems)
🗑
|
||||
| Type 2 | show 🗑
|
||||
| ↑ Non-enzymatic glycosylation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Non-enzymatic glycosylation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Osmotic damage | show 🗑
|
||||
| Osmotic damage | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis hyperglycemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no insulin to stimulate capillary lipoprotein lipase; ↑ chylomicrons/VLDL
🗑
|
||||
| Pathogenesis ketoacidosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Most commons due to DM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Glycosylated HbA1c | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gestational DM | show 🗑
|
||||
| Complications | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypoglycemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | no ß-oxidation of fatty acids; all cells compete for glucose
🗑
|
||||
| show | yellow when parallel to slow ray of compensator
🗑
|
||||
| Calcium pyrophosphate crystals (pseudogout) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | degeneration articular cartilage; subchondral cysts; eburnation; osteophytes at margins
🗑
|
||||
| show | weight bearing (femoral head); DIP joint (Heberden’s nodes), PIP joints (Bouchard nodes)
🗑
|
||||
| show | 2° to neurologic disease; DM, syringomyelia, tabes dorsalis
🗑
|
||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | IgM antibody against Fc portion IgG; causes inflammation of synovial tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | inflamed hyperplastic synovial tissue destroys articular cartilage; joint fusion
🗑
|
||||
| Joints | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | methotrexate often used as initial therapy, aspirin
🗑
|
||||
| show | destruction lacrimal and minor salivary glands; RA; anti-SS-Ro/SS-La (SSa and SSb)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pneumoconiosis + rheumatoid nodules in lungs
🗑
|
||||
| show | RA + splenomegaly with hypersplenism
🗑
|
||||
| Gouty arthritis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Gout associations | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MSU crystals produce foreign body giant cell reaction next to joint
🗑
|
||||
| show | probenecid and sulfinpyrazone
🗑
|
||||
| Allopurinol | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pseudogout | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sacroiliitis; bamboo spine causing kyphosis; aortitis; uveitis
🗑
|
||||
| Associations | show 🗑
|
||||
| Reiter’s syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hematogenous spread of Staphylococcus aureus to metaphysis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Salmonella paratyphi
🗑
|
||||
| show | puncture of foot when wearing rubber foot wear
🗑
|
||||
| Tuberculous osteomyelitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Disseminated gonococcemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| Disseminated gonococcemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bite Ixodes tick; Borrelia burgdorjeri; reservoirs white footed mouse, white tailed deer
🗑
|
||||
| Early S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Late S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Babesiosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | potential for Pasteurella multocida septic arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| show | inflammation proximal tibial apophysis at patellar tendon insertion; knobby knee
🗑
|
||||
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reflection choroidal veins
🗑
|
||||
| Achondroplasia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | normal head/vertebral column, short extremities
🗑
|
||||
| show | AD/AR; osteoclast defect; too much bone; pathologic fractures
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↓ bone mass and density; pathologic fractures
🗑
|
||||
| Postmenopausal osteoporosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vertebral compression fractures, Colles fracture
🗑
|
||||
| show | fractured distal radius with dinner fork appearance
🗑
|
||||
| show | estrogen (under investigation), calcium, vitamin D, stress exercises (walking, weight lifting)
🗑
|
||||
| show | femoral head fracture, corticosteroids, sickle cell disease; MRI best test
🗑
|
||||
| show | aseptic necrosis in wrist bone
🗑
|
||||
| Volkmann’s ischemic contracture | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aseptic necrosis of ossification center (femoral head) in children
🗑
|
||||
| Paget’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pathologic fractures; ↑ serum AP; ↑ risk for osteogenic sarcoma
🗑
|
||||
| Osteoid osteoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | adolescent male; RB suppressor gene association; distal femur; ↑ AP
🗑
|
||||
| show | “sunburst” appearance, Codman’s triangle
🗑
|
||||
| Ewing’s sarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | “onion skinning”
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC benign bone tumor; exophytic growth off metaphysis of distal femur
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC malignant cartilaginous tumor; pelvic bones, proximal femur
🗑
|
||||
| show | epiphysis distal femur/proximal tibia; giant cells + neoplastic mononuclear cells
🗑
|
||||
| Muscle weakness | show 🗑
|
||||
| Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Dystrophin | show 🗑
|
||||
| Becker’s dystrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; trinucleotide repeat disorder; cannot release grip
🗑
|
||||
| Myasthenia gravis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | diplopia at end of day first sign; dysphagia solids/liquids upper esophagus; thymoma
🗑
|
||||
| Dupuytren’s contracture | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC soft tissue tumor
🗑
|
||||
| show | MC adult sarcoma
🗑
|
||||
| Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Autoimmune disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | greatest sensitivity for detecting SLE
🗑
|
||||
| show | type III reaction; confirm with anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm
🗑
|
||||
| show | malar rash, photophobia, joint pain, fibrinous pericarditis, nephritic GN
🗑
|
||||
| show | procainamide, hydralazine; anti-histone antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| Antiphospholipid antibodies | show 🗑
|
||||
| PSS | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | centromere antibody/calcinosis; Raynaud; esophageal dysmotility; sclerodactyly; telangiectasia
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ serum CK; risk of malignancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | anti-ribonucleoprotein antibody
🗑
|
||||
| Antibody against acetylcholine receptor | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Goodpasture’s syndrome
🗑
|
||||
| Antibody against endomysium and gliadin | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type I diabetes
🗑
|
||||
| Antibody against intrinsic factor and parietal cell | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
🗑
|
||||
| Antibody against mitochondria | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Wegener’s granulomatosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | microscopic polyangiitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | Graves disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ thickness of stratum corneum; absent granular layer
🗑
|
||||
| show | “liver spot” in elderly; increased melanocytes
🗑
|
||||
| show | trauma to fragile vessels on dorsum of hands; normal finding in elderly
🗑
|
||||
| show | weeping rash with vesicles
🗑
|
||||
| show | dry, thickened, pruritic skin
🗑
|
||||
| show | dry skin, eczema (type I reaction); children - face, intertriginous areas
🗑
|
||||
| Allergic contact dermatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tetracycline; rash in sun exposed areas
🗑
|
||||
| Superficial dermatophytoses | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tinea capitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tinea capitis child with dog | show 🗑
|
||||
| Tinea versicolor | show 🗑
|
||||
| Seborrheic dermatitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | poxvirus; bowl-shaped with central depression filled with keratin
🗑
|
||||
| Rubeola | show 🗑
|
||||
| Rubella | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | “slapped face”; RBC aplasia, aplastic anemia (HbSS), spontaneous abortions, arthritis
🗑
|
||||
| Roseola | show 🗑
|
||||
| Toxic shock syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| Scarlet fever | show 🗑
|
||||
| Actinic (solar) keratosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | elevated salmon-colored plaques covered by silver-colored scales; nail pitting
🗑
|
||||
| show | herald patch followed by rash in lines of cleavage
🗑
|
||||
| show | chickenpox; rash at different stages; Reye syndrome association
🗑
|
||||
| Herpes zoster | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | remain latent in sensory ganglia
🗑
|
||||
| show | group A streptococcus; honey crusted lesions on face
🗑
|
||||
| Pemphigus vulgaris | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | intraepidermal bullae; acantholytic cells; row of tombstones
🗑
|
||||
| show | autoimmune disease; IgG antibodies against basement membrane
🗑
|
||||
| show | subepidermal bullae
🗑
|
||||
| show | type II hypersensitivity
🗑
|
||||
| show | autoimmune disease; IgA ICs; subepidermal bullae with neutrophils
🗑
|
||||
| show | association with celiac disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | vesicles and bullae; bullseye appearance
🗑
|
||||
| Risk factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Stevens Johnson syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | androgen dependent (receptor on sebaceous glands)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Propionibacterium acnes lipases produce fatty acids causing inflammation
🗑
|
||||
| Acne rosacea | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | type I and III reactions; type I due to mast cell release of histamine (drugs, fire ant bites)
🗑
|
||||
| Angioedema | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ACE inhibitor (bradykinin); C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency (C2 and C4 decreased)
🗑
|
||||
| show | traumatic implantation of Sporothrix fungus into subcutaneous tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | rose gardener, lobster fisherman (sphagnum moss)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | intact cellular immunity (positive lepromin skin test); granulomas; no organisms
🗑
|
||||
| show | autoamputation of digits; skin depigmentation and anesthesia
🗑
|
||||
| show | defective cellular immunity (negative lepromin skin test); no granulomas
🗑
|
||||
| show | leonine face, erythema nodosum during treatment
🗑
|
||||
| show | Grenz zone (zone free organisms) foamy macrophages with organisms
🗑
|
||||
| Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | painful nodule on shins; subcutaneous fat inflammation
🗑
|
||||
| show | coccidioidomycosis, TB, leprosy
🗑
|
||||
| show | benign neoplasm; mimics squamous cancer; spontaneously resolves
🗑
|
||||
| show | basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| Vitiligo | show 🗑
|
||||
| Seborrheic keratosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Leser-Trelat sign | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | verrucoid pigmented lesion usually in axilla; associated with gastric cancer
🗑
|
||||
| show | pregnancy mask due to increased melanocytes
🗑
|
||||
| Nevocellular nevus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Histology | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | precursor for malignant melanoma
🗑
|
||||
| Malignant melanoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A, asymmetry; B, irregular border; C, color change; D, increased diameter
🗑
|
||||
| Risk factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radial growth phase | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | malignant cells penetrate into dermis; potential for metastasis
🗑
|
||||
| show | face of elderly
🗑
|
||||
| Superficial spreading melanoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Nodular melanoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Acral lentiginous melanoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prognosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Prevention | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | photosensitive bullous disease; deficiency uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | neurotoxin; abdominal muscle cramps
🗑
|
||||
| Brown recluse (Loxosceles) envenomation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | choroid plexus in ventricles; enters subarachnoid space; removed by arachnoid granulations
🗑
|
||||
| CSF | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | yellow colored CSF due to bilirubin pigment; indicates subarachnoid hemorrhage
🗑
|
||||
| Papilledema of optic nerve | show 🗑
|
||||
| Uncal herniation | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | compression of parasympathetic system
🗑
|
||||
| show | intracranial hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrocephalus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Non-communicating | show 🗑
|
||||
| Communicating | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | progressive dementia, wide-based gait, urinary incontinence; THINK
🗑
|
||||
| show | folate must be adequate before pregnancy; ↑ AFP
🗑
|
||||
| Spina bifida occulta | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meningocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meningomyelocele | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | elongation medulla/cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum
🗑
|
||||
| show | hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, meningomyelocele
🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis; hydrocephalus
🗑
|
||||
| show | enlarged cervical cord; fluid filled cyst in cervical spinal cord
🗑
|
||||
| show | loss pain/temperature upper extremities (spinothalamic); motor loss in hands (anterior horn cells)
🗑
|
||||
| Tuberous sclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | angiomyolipomas kidneys; rhabdomyoma of heart
🗑
|
||||
| Neurofibromatosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pheochromocytoma, brain tumors, acoustic neuromas
🗑
|
||||
| Meningitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ CSF protein, normal CSF glucose, ↑ lymphocytes
🗑
|
||||
| CSF findings bacterial meningitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inflammation of brain; mental status abnormalities; coma
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC viral meningitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | hemorrhagic necrosis in temporal lobes
🗑
|
||||
| show | skunk and bat common vectors; Negri bodies in neurons; hydrophobia; flaccid paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| CMV | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | destruction of anterior horn cells; flaccid paralysis
🗑
|
||||
| Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | slow virus disease due to JC virus; common in AIDS
🗑
|
||||
| show | prions; spongiform encephalopathy
🗑
|
||||
| show | contact with human brain or contaminated beef (bovine disease)
🗑
|
||||
| show | Streptococcus agalactiae (group B) MCC; E. coli, 2nd MCC
🗑
|
||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | show 🗑
|
||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | complication primary TB; base of brain meningitis with vasculitis
🗑
|
||||
| Neurosyphilis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Meningovascular syphilis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | syphilis with dementia and brain atrophy
🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior root ganglia/posterior column; ataxia; absent deep tendon reflexes; Argyll-Robertson pupil
🗑
|
||||
| Argyll-Robertson pupil | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cryptococcus neoformans | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | frontal lobe abscess in diabetic ketoacidosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC space occupying lesion in AIDS; avoid cat litter and raw meat in pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| show | calcification basal ganglia; blindness; mental retardation
🗑
|
||||
| show | amoeba in fresh water; meningoencephalitis
🗑
|
||||
| Taenia solium | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cysticercosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | contusions at site of injury
🗑
|
||||
| Contrecoup injuries | show 🗑
|
||||
| Epidural hematoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tear bridging veins; venous blood clot; fluctuating levels of consciousness
🗑
|
||||
| show | neurons more susceptible to damage than neuroglial cells
🗑
|
||||
| Laminar necrosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pale infarction (liquefactive necrosis) extending to periphery of cerebral cortex
🗑
|
||||
| Causes atherosclerotic stroke | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | contralateral weakness/sensory loss; expressive aphasia if left hemisphere stroke
🗑
|
||||
| Amaurosis fugax | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cause | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | vertigo, ataxia, ipsilateral sensory loss face/contralateral hemiparesis/sensory
🗑
|
||||
| show | hemorrhagic infarction extending to periphery cerebral cortex due to embolization
🗑
|
||||
| show | complication hypertension
🗑
|
||||
| show | rupture of aneurysm of lenticulostriate vessels
🗑
|
||||
| show | basal ganglia MC site
🗑
|
||||
| show | rupture of congenital berry aneurysm; severe occipital headache
🗑
|
||||
| Lacunar stroke | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pure motor stroke | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pure sensory stroke | show 🗑
|
||||
| Multiple sclerosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus, paresthesias, weakness
🗑
|
||||
| show | multiple sclerosis; demyelination MLF
🗑
|
||||
| CSF with oligoclonal bands | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rapid intravenous correction of hyponatremia in alcoholic
🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC dementia Alzheimer’s disease
🗑
|
||||
| show | ↑ amyloid-ß destroys neurons; occipital lobe spared
🗑
|
||||
| Alzheimer’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | develop Alzheimer’s disease at early age; 3 functioning chromosome 21s
🗑
|
||||
| show | gene product has high affinity for amyloid-ß
🗑
|
||||
| Parkinson’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| Causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | AD; atrophy of the head of the caudate nucleus; trinucleotide repeat disorder (anticipation)
🗑
|
||||
| S/S | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | degeneration of lower/upper motor neurons; no sensory changes
🗑
|
||||
| Werdnig Hoffman disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Wilson’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Vitamin B12 deficiency | show 🗑
|
||||
| Alcohol | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thiamine deficiency; IV with glucose can prompt acute attack
🗑
|
||||
| show | mammillary body hemorrhage (ring hemorrhages)
🗑
|
||||
| show | confusion, ataxia, nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia
🗑
|
||||
| show | limbic system; antegrade and retrograde memory deficits
🗑
|
||||
| Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | drug induced (alcohol, barbiturates); abdominal pain (“bellyful of scars”); dementia
🗑
|
||||
| show | urine in AIP colorless; turns port wine color with exposure to light (porphobilin)
🗑
|
||||
| Rx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 70% supratentorial; frontal lobe MC site
🗑
|
||||
| Childhood brain tumors | show 🗑
|
||||
| Adult brain tumors (descending order) | show 🗑
|
||||
| GBM | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | female dominant; arise from arachnoid granulations; psammoma bodies; seizures
🗑
|
||||
| Acoustic neuroma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | astrocytoma cerebellum (MC), medulloblastoma
🗑
|
||||
| Astrocytoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| Medulloblastoma | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | arises in 4th ventricle in children and cauda equina in adults
🗑
|
||||
| show | frontal lobe tumor with dystrophic calcification
🗑
|
||||
| CNS lymphomas | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MC brain malignancy; lung cancer MC site of origin; junction gray and white matter
🗑
|
||||
| show | benign tumor Schwann cell; MC peripheral nerve tumor; alternating dark and light areas
🗑
|
||||
| AIDS dementia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC of blindness in AIDS; Rx. ganciclovir (foscarnet if unsuccessful)
🗑
|
||||
| Peripheral neuropathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Peripheral neuropathy | show 🗑
|
||||
| Guillain-Barre syndrome | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | M. pneumoniae, influenza vaccine, Campylobacter jejuni
🗑
|
||||
| show | ascending paralysis; CSF increased protein, lymphocytes; Rx. plasmapheresis
🗑
|
||||
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth | show 🗑
|
||||
| Idiopathic Bell’s palsy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | facial nerve MC cranial nerve involved; bilateral Bell’s palsy
🗑
|
||||
| Bacterial conjunctivitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| Viral conjunctivitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | amaurosis fugax, central retinal artery or vein occlusion
🗑
|
||||
| Uveitis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | multiple sclerosis MCC; methyl alcohol poisoning
🗑
|
||||
| show | increased intraocular pressure; fluid cannot exit canal of Schlemm; causes optic atrophy
🗑
|
||||
| Optic atrophy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC permanent visual loss in elderly
🗑
|
||||
| Meniere’s disease | show 🗑
|
||||
| Presbycusis | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC conductive hearing loss in elderly; fusion of ear ossicles
🗑
|
||||
| show | conduction hearing loss
🗑
|
||||
| Weber test lateralizes to left ear, bone>air conduction (Rinne test) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Weber test lateralizes to left ear, air>bone conduction both ears | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | MCC conduction hearing loss in children; S. pneumoniae MCC
🗑
|
||||
| show | Pseudomonas aeruginosa
🗑
|
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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