Exam review for Soc 201 final Professor Martin class
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| What is Sociological Imagination? | The nature of sociology and its relevance in daily life.
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| From a Sociological perspective, what do we look for in potential mates? | Females look for in a man is Male commitment and Resources
Male look for in a female is Female Youth and Physical Attractiveness.
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| What is cultural universal(s)? | Traits that are part of every known culture
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| What is cultural integration? | the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
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| what is the concept of Ideal culture? | is our ideas, values, and beliefs (non material culture) Ideal culture is our laws and government
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| What is the concept of real culture? | is our physical cultural objects (material culture) real culture is our cultural practices
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| What is cultural relativity? | the practice of of judging a culture by its own standards
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| What is ethnocentrism? | The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
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| What is culture shock ? | personal disorientation when experiencing unfamiliar way of life
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| What is the ecological approach to cultural variation? | Explains culture as a complex strategy for meeting humans needs.
exs.
1. Sacred cow in Hindu religion and Indian society
2. Taboo against eating pork among Jews and moslems
3. Potlatch
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| What is status? | a social positions that a person holds
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| What is status set? | all the statuses a person holds at a given time
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| What is role strain? | tension among the roles connected to a single status
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| What is role conflict? | conflict among the roles connected to tow or more statuses
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| How does "similarity" impact attraction to others? (i.e., matching versus complementary hypothesis) | that people like and are attracted to others who are similar, rather than dissimilar, to themselves; proposes that people tend to pick partners who are about equal in level of attractiveness to themselves.
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| How does physical attractiveness to others (i.e., "what is beautiful is good," the cult of thinness and cultural capital)? | romantic attraction is primarily determined by physical attractiveness.
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| What is information dependency? | is a sociological theory which holds that economic events in history have encouraged developing countries to depend upon the support of more advanced nations.
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| What is public compliance conformity (as well as group-think)? | the major division between two types of social influence process and outcome is the informational/cognitive process leading to private acceptance and the normative/social process leading
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| What the potential problems with bureaucracy? | Bureaucratic ritualism, Bureaucratic inefficiency and inertia, Oligarchy and Bureaucratic Alienations
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| What is the principles of McDonaldization? | Efficiency,Predictability,Uniformity and control
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| What are the examples of McDonaldization of society? | In sociology, rationalization refers to the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with rational, calculated ones.
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| What are the sociological explanations for deviance? | deviant behavior plays an active, constructive role in society by ultimately helping cohere different populations within a society.
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| What is strain? | That society can be set up in a way that encourages too much deviance. Specifically, that extent and type of deviance people engage in depend on whether a society provides the means, to achieve cultural goals
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| What is control? | Which states that social control depends on people anticipation the consequences of their behavior
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| What is labeling? | The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people so as from how others respond to those action
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| What is differential association? | A person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior
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| What is conformity? | Still believes in the goals and dream
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| What is innovation? | Not going to get rich until commits crimes to get rich
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| What is ritualism? | not going anywhere in life and goals. Life and goals fades
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| What is retreatism? | Give up on goals and dreams
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| What is rebellion? | Kind of give up on goals and dreams but replace social goals with your own personal goals
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| What are the four justifications for punishing criminals? | retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and societal protection
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| Why are prisons generally ineffective at rehabilitating criminals? | Learning to be a better criminal.
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| what is the "second shift?" | Family responsibility/working career
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| What are the three factors contributing economic inequality between men and women today? | The three factors contributing economic inequality between mean and women today :
Discrimination, Family responsibility and Domestic jobs
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| What is the beauty myth? | Is the idea that striving to be physically attractive to men is the key to women's happiness
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| How do societal rituals contribute to sexism and gender inequality? | Gender oppression is a cultural norm present in a variety of cultures. strategic devaluing of one’s gender to establish a system of power that benefits the other gender economically, socially, or religiously is the same.
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| How does gender inequality express itself in conversations within men and women? | Women are mostly interrupted in conversations, losing the subject matter and stay quite. Men are changing the conversation topic , enjoy talking the most in the conversations.
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| What are the characteristics of a stereotype? | is an exaggerated/distorted generalization about an entire category of people that doesn't acknowledge individual variation.
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| What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? | Prejudice is an attitude in a negative way towards of a certain group
Discrimination is a behavior, acting toward in a negative action
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| What are the four combinations of prejudice and discrimination | Prejudiced Discriminator(Active Bigot)
Unprejudiced non-Discriminator(All weather liberal)
Prejudiced Non-Discriminator (Timid Bigot)
Unprejudiced Discriminator(Fair-weather liberal)
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| What are the four theories of prejudice? | Scapegoating Theory
Authoritarian Personality
Conflict Theory
Culture Theory
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| What are the patterns of interaction between minority and majority groups? | Cultural Pluralism
Assimilation (Behavioral vs.structural)
Expulsion
Segregation
Genocide
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| What is internal colonialism? | Is a notion of structural political and economic inequalities between within a nation state
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| Prejudiced Discriminator(Active Bigot) | is prejudice and openly discriminatory
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| Unprejudiced non-Discriminator(All weather liberal) | is prejudice where you do not personally prejudice and do not discriminate against others
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| Prejudiced Non-Discriminator (Timid Bigot) | Hostile to other group,recognizes las and social pressures opposed to discrimination,reluctantly doesn't translate thoughts in actions
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| Unprejudiced Discriminator(Fair-weather liberal) | this person is not personally prejudiced but may sometimes reluctantly discriminate against members of other groups if it is their advantage to do so
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| Scapegoating Theory | A person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles
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| Authoritarian Personality | Rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong
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| Conflict Theory | Prejudice is used as a tool by powerful people to oppress others
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| Culture Theory | Claims that although extreme prejudice may be found in some people, some prejudice is found in everyone
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| Force Entry | Force to be in a socity
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| Dispossess &Displace | Strip them of their value & lower their status "nobody"
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| Modify/Degrade Minority Culture | Take apart/degraded minority where they are shame of their culture idenity
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| Bureaucratic ritualism | a focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization's goal
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| Bureaucratic Inertia | the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves
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| Oligarchy | the rule of the many by the few
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| Retribution | is an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering causedthe crime
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| Societal protection | renders an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution .
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| Deterrence | the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment .
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| Rehabilitation | is a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses (recidivism)
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| Cultural Pluralism | a state in which people of all races and ethnicity are distinct but have equal social standing
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| Assimilation Behavioral | Mimicking the majority then being minority (act & works)
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| Assimilation Structural | Accepts the minority group
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| Expulsion | population transfer-get them out of the way
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| Segregation Dejure | segregation by law
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| Segregation DeFucto | segregation describes settings that contain only people of one category
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| Genocide | the systematic killing of one category of people by another
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